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Volume 15
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10.3390/v15020551
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Article

Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response

by
Milene S. Ferreira
1,2,
Jorge R. Sousa
1,
Pedro S. Bezerra Júnior
3,
Valíria D. Cerqueira
3,
Carlos A. Oliveira Júnior
3,
Gabriela R. C. Rivero
3,
Paulo H. G. Castro
4,
Gilmara A. Silva
1,
José Augusto P. C. Muniz
4,
Eliana V. P. da Silva
1,
Samir M. M. Casseb
1,
Carla Pagliari
5,
Lívia C. Martins
1,
Robert B. Tesh
6,
Juarez A. S. Quaresma
1,7,8,† and
Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
1,8,*,†
1
Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
2
Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
4
National Primate Center, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
5
Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
6
Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0419, USA
7
Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66055-240, Pará, Brazil
8
Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém 66050-540, Pará, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors share senior authorship.
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020551
Submission received: 10 September 2022 / Revised: 31 January 2023 / Accepted: 10 February 2023 / Published: 16 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)
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Abstract

Non-human primates contribute to the spread of yellow fever virus (YFV) and the establishment of transmission cycles in endemic areas, such as Brazil. This study aims to investigate virological, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in livers of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) infected with the YFV. Viremia occurred 1–30 days post infection (dpi) and the virus showed a predilection for the middle zone (Z2). The livers were jaundiced with subcapsular and hemorrhagic multifocal petechiae. Apoptosis, lytic and coagulative necrosis, steatosis and cellular edema were also observed. The immune response was characterized by the expression of S100, CD11b, CD57, CD4 and CD20; endothelial markers; stress and cell death; pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as Treg (IL-35) and IL-17 throughout the experimental period. Lesions during the severe phase of the disease were associated with excessive production of apoptotic pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, released by inflammatory response cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes) and associated with high expression of molecules of adhesion in the inflammatory foci observed in Z2. Immunostaining of the local endothelium in vascular cells and the bile duct was intense, suggesting a fundamental role in liver damage and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Keywords: yellow fever; pathogenesis; experimental infection; immunology of yellow fever virus infection; yellow fever virus; Saimiri spp. yellow fever; pathogenesis; experimental infection; immunology of yellow fever virus infection; yellow fever virus; Saimiri spp.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ferreira, M.S.; Sousa, J.R.; Bezerra Júnior, P.S.; Cerqueira, V.D.; Oliveira Júnior, C.A.; Rivero, G.R.C.; Castro, P.H.G.; Silva, G.A.; Muniz, J.A.P.C.; da Silva, E.V.P.; et al. Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response. Viruses 2023, 15, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020551

AMA Style

Ferreira MS, Sousa JR, Bezerra Júnior PS, Cerqueira VD, Oliveira Júnior CA, Rivero GRC, Castro PHG, Silva GA, Muniz JAPC, da Silva EVP, et al. Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response. Viruses. 2023; 15(2):551. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020551

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferreira, Milene S., Jorge R. Sousa, Pedro S. Bezerra Júnior, Valíria D. Cerqueira, Carlos A. Oliveira Júnior, Gabriela R. C. Rivero, Paulo H. G. Castro, Gilmara A. Silva, José Augusto P. C. Muniz, Eliana V. P. da Silva, and et al. 2023. "Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response" Viruses 15, no. 2: 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020551

APA Style

Ferreira, M. S., Sousa, J. R., Bezerra Júnior, P. S., Cerqueira, V. D., Oliveira Júnior, C. A., Rivero, G. R. C., Castro, P. H. G., Silva, G. A., Muniz, J. A. P. C., da Silva, E. V. P., Casseb, S. M. M., Pagliari, C., Martins, L. C., Tesh, R. B., Quaresma, J. A. S., & Vasconcelos, P. F. C. (2023). Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response. Viruses, 15(2), 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020551

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