Treatment Options for Hepatitis A and E: A Non-Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Article Screening and Selection
3. HAV Infection Overview
3.1. Epidemiology
3.2. Pathophysiology
3.3. Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations
3.4. HAV Treatment
3.4.1. Supportive Treatment
3.4.2. Vaccines
3.4.3. N-Acetylcysteine
3.4.4. Interferon
3.4.5. Sofosbuvir
3.4.6. Corticosteroids
3.4.7. Liver Transplantation
3.4.8. Investigational Drugs
Drug | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|
N-acetylcysteine | Ineffective | Gunduz et al. [53] |
Interferon-alpha | In vitro inhibition of viral replication Four patients showed improvement in liver function | Crance et al. [54], Yoshiba et al. [55] |
Sofosbuvir | “In vitro” HAV RNA decrease | Wang et al. [50] |
Corticosteroids | Survival improvement in children with fulminant hepatitis Reduction in the risk of prolonged cholestasis | Zakaria et al. [59], Yoon et al. [69], Daghman et al. [70], Jayappa et al. [38] |
AZD 1480 | In vitro reduction in viral replication | Jiang et al. [73] |
Zinc Chloride | In vitro reduction in viral replication | Kanda et al. [74] |
Heme oxygenase-1 | In vitro reduction in viral replication | Kim et al. [75] |
4. HEV Infection Overview
4.1. Epidemiology
4.2. Pathophysiology
4.3. Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations
4.4. HEV Treatment
4.4.1. Ribavirin
4.4.2. Pegylated Interferon-Alfa
4.4.3. Sofosbuvir
4.4.4. Vaccine
Drug | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ribavirin | Reduction in HEV viral replication, especially in immunosuppressed patients in acute and chronic HEV-related hepatitis | Gerolami et al. [148] Pischke et al. [149] Mallet et al. [150] Kamar et al. [151] Kamar et al. [152] Kamar et al. [153] Mulder et al. [154] Friebus-Kardash et al. [155] |
PegINF-a | Tested in liver-transplanted patients, but also in HIV patients. Showed a sustained virological response in about 70% patients after 6 months. Used in 2 cases of kidney transplant. | Peters van Ton et al. [162] Haagsma et al. [163] Kamar et al. [164] Alric et al. [165] Singh et al. [166] Kamar et al. [167] Kamar et al. [168] |
Sofosbuvir | Non-significant HEV RNA reduction after 24 months of treatment Failure in HEV clearance | Cornberg et al. [172] Fraga et al. [173] |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organ/System Involved | Manifestation |
---|---|
Neurological | Bell’s palsy Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Myositis Neuralgic amyotrophy Oculomotor palsy Polyradiculoneuropathy Seizure Vestibular neuritis |
Cardiological | Myocarditis |
Pancreas | Pancreatitis |
Kidney | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Cryoglobulinemia |
Bone | Polyarthritis |
Vascular | Henoch–Schönlein purpura |
Haematological | Aplastic anaemia Thrombocytopenia Haemolytic anaemia Aplastic anaemia Hemophagocytic syndrome CD30 (+) cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) |
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Gabrielli, F.; Alberti, F.; Russo, C.; Cursaro, C.; Seferi, H.; Margotti, M.; Andreone, P. Treatment Options for Hepatitis A and E: A Non-Systematic Review. Viruses 2023, 15, 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051080
Gabrielli F, Alberti F, Russo C, Cursaro C, Seferi H, Margotti M, Andreone P. Treatment Options for Hepatitis A and E: A Non-Systematic Review. Viruses. 2023; 15(5):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051080
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabrielli, Filippo, Francesco Alberti, Cristina Russo, Carmela Cursaro, Hajrie Seferi, Marzia Margotti, and Pietro Andreone. 2023. "Treatment Options for Hepatitis A and E: A Non-Systematic Review" Viruses 15, no. 5: 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051080