Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern–Central Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Animals
2.2. Epidemiological Data
2.3. ELISA and VNT
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Mapping
2.6. Ethical Statement
3. Results
3.1. ELISA and VNT
3.2. Risk Factor Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Federal State | County | Registered Equids # | Eligible Equids ⊕ (in %) | Tested Equids ◊ (in %) | WNV-Seropositive Equids ∇ (in %) | TBEV-Seropositive Equids ᶲ (in %) | USUV-Seropositive Equids ● (in %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saxony- Anhalt | Saalekreis (SLK) | 2507 | 1444/2507 (58%) | 132/1444 (9%) | 11/132 (8%) | 3/132 (2%) | 0/132 (0%) |
Salzlandkreis (SZK) | 2347 | 1044/2347 (45%) | 51/1044 (5%) | 2/51 (4%) | 0/51 (0%) | 0/51 (0%) | |
Jerichower Land (JL) | 2245 | 1262/2245 (56%) | 93/1262 (7%) | 1/93 (1%) | 4/93 (4%) | 1/93 (1%) | |
Dessau-Rosslau (DR) | 466 | 285/466 (61%) | 18/285 (6%) | 0/18 (0%) | 3/18 (17%) | 0/18 (0%) | |
Wittenberg (WB) | 1762 | 857/1762 (49%) | 38/857 (4%) | 1/38 (3%) | 2/38 (*) (5%) | 1 */38 (3%) | |
Anhalt- Bitterfeld (ABI) | 2380 | 1293/2380 (54%) | 58/1293 (5%) | 0/58 (0%) | 1 */58 (2%) | 0/58 (0%) | |
Saxony | Central Saxony (CS) | 4495 | 1881/4495 (42%) | 137/1881 (7%) | 1/137 (1%) | 8/137 (6 *) (6%) | 0/137 (0%) |
Northern Saxony (NS) | 3233 | 1304/3233 (44%) | 86/1304 (7%) | 2/86 (2%) | 5/86 (6%) | 0/86 (0%) | |
Dresden City (D) | 948 | 428/948 (45%) | 49/428 (12%) | 2/49 (4%) | 1/49 (2%) | 2 */49 (4%) | |
Meissen (MS) | 2749 | 1189/2749 (43%) | 46/1189 (4%) | 2/46 (4%) | 5/46 (1 *) (11%) | 0/46 (0%) | |
Leipzig district (LD) | 3435 | 1255/3435 (37%) | 26/1255 (2%) | 1/26 (4%) | 0/26 (0%) | 0/26 (0%) | |
Brandenburg | Elbe-Elster (EE) | 2349 | 1216/2349 (52%) | 159/1216 (13%) | 8/159 (5%) | 12/159 (8 *) (8%) | 1 */159 (1%) |
Dahme-Spreewald (DS) | 3478 | 2418/3478 (70%) | 152/2418 (6%) | 4/152 (3%) | 22/152 (15%) | 0/152 (0%) | |
Oberspreewald- Lausitz (OSL) | 1147 | 620/1147 (54%) | 34/620 (6%) | 3/34 (9%) | 1/34 (3%) | 0/34 (0%) | |
Potsdam- Mittelmark (PM) | 6226 | 2857/6226 (46%) | 153/2857 (5%) | 2/153 (1%) | 2/153 (1%) | 0/153 (0%) | |
Total | 39,767 | 19,353/39,767 (49%) | 1232/19,353 (6%) | 40/1232 (3.3%) | 69/1232 (17 *) (6%) | 5/1232 (4 *) (0.4%) |
Federal State | County | Registered Holdings # | Eligible Holdings ⊕ (in %) | Tested Holdings ◊ (in %) | Holdings with ≥1 WNV-Seropositive Horse (in %) | Holdings with ≥1 TBEV-Seropositive Horse (in %) | Holdings with ≥1 USUV-Seropositive Horse (in %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saxony- Anhalt | Saalekreis (SLK) | 660 | 106/660 (16%) | 15/106 (14%) | 5/15 (33%) | 2/15 (13%) | 0/15 (0%) |
Salzlandkreis (SZK) | 760 | 105/760 (13.8%) | 9/105 (9%) | 2/9 (22%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | |
Jerichower Land (JL) | 575 | 112/575 (20%) | 8/112 (7%) | 1/8 (13%) | 1/8 (13%) | 1/8 (13%) | |
Dessau-Rosslau (DS) | 105 | 19/105 (18%) | 1/19 (5%) | 0/1 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) | 0/1 (0%) | |
Wittenberg (WB) | 525 | 80/525 (15%) | 4/80 (5%) | 1/4 (25%) | 1 */4 (25%) | 1 */4 (25%) | |
Anhalt- Bitterfeld (ABI) | 640 | 109/640 (17%) | 6/109 (6%) | 0/6 (0%) | 1 */6 (17%) | 0/6 (0%) | |
Saxony | Central Saxony (CS) | 1662 | 208/1662 (13%) | 14/208 (7%) | 1/14 (7%) | 5/14 (3*) (36%) | 0/14 (0%) |
Northern Saxony (NS) | 1256 | 120/1256 (10%) | 7/120 (6%) | 2/7 (29%) | 2/7 (29%) | 0/7 (0%) | |
Dresden City (D) | 375 | 42/375 (11%) | 5/42 (12%) | 1/5 (20%) | 2/5 (40%) | 1 */5 (20%) | |
Meissen (MS) | 1053 | 105/1053 (10%) | 4/105 (4%) | 1/4 (25%) | 1 */4 (25%) | 0/4 (0%) | |
Leipzig district (LD) | 1326 | 132/1326 (10%) | 3/132 (2%) | 1/3 (33%) | 0/3 (0%) | 0/3 (0%) | |
Brandenburg | Elbe-Elster (EE) | 663 | 103/663 (16%) | 13/103 (13%) | 4/13 (31%) | 3/13 (2 *) (23%) | 1 */13 (8%) |
Dahme-Spreewald (DS) | 630 | 160/630 (25%) | 12/160 (8%) | 3/12 (25%) | 4/12 (33%) | 0/12 (0%) | |
Oberspreewald- Lausitz (OSL) | 300 | 47/300 (16%) | 3/47 (6%) | 1/3 (33%) | 1/3 (33%) | 0/3 (0%) | |
Potsdam- Mittelmark (PM) | 942 | 165/942 (18%) | 10/165 (6%) | 1/10 (10%) | 1/10 (10%) | 0/10 (0%) | |
Total | 11,472 | 1613/11,472 (14%) | 114/1613 (7%) | 24/114 (21%) | 25/114 (8 *) (22%) | 5/114 (4 *) (4%) |
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Gothe, L.M.R.; Ganzenberg, S.; Ziegler, U.; Obiegala, A.; Lohmann, K.L.; Sieg, M.; Vahlenkamp, T.W.; Groschup, M.H.; Hörügel, U.; Pfeffer, M. Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern–Central Germany. Viruses 2023, 15, 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051108
Gothe LMR, Ganzenberg S, Ziegler U, Obiegala A, Lohmann KL, Sieg M, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, Hörügel U, Pfeffer M. Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern–Central Germany. Viruses. 2023; 15(5):1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051108
Chicago/Turabian StyleGothe, Leonard M. R., Stefanie Ganzenberg, Ute Ziegler, Anna Obiegala, Katharina L. Lohmann, Michael Sieg, Thomas W. Vahlenkamp, Martin H. Groschup, Uwe Hörügel, and Martin Pfeffer. 2023. "Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern–Central Germany" Viruses 15, no. 5: 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051108