Whole-Genome Analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated from Influenza-like Illness Outpatients in Myanmar and Community-Acquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Strains Present from 2015 to 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Virus Isolation and Subtype Identification
2.4. Next-Generation Sequencing from the A(H1N1)pdm09 Isolates
2.5. Subclade Classification by Amino Acid Substitutions in HA
2.6. Vaccine Strains
2.7. NA Inhibitors Susceptibility Assay
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Influenza Virus Isolates
3.2. Subclades Analysis by Amino Acid Substitutions and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis of HA
3.3. Comparison of Amino Acid Substitutions between Circulating Strains and Vaccine Strains in HA Segments
3.4. Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequence Data in Seven Segments
3.5. Community-Aquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | Clade | Amino Acid Substitutions in Each Nucleotide Position | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
35 | 61 | 74 | 83 | 84 | 97 | 129 | 143 | 146 | 155 | 162 | 163 | 164 | 183 | 185 | 203 | 215 | ||
A/California/7/2009 a | 1 | P | S | D | S | S | K | S | S | A | ||||||||
2015 Myanmar viruses | 6B | S | N | N | G | Q | T | T | ||||||||||
2016 Myanmar viruses | 6B.1 | S | N | N | N | Q | T | T | G | |||||||||
A/Michigan/45/2015 b | 6B.1 | D | I | S | N | K | G | S | S | T | ||||||||
2017 Myanmar viruses | 6B.1A | G | V | R | E | T | ||||||||||||
2019 Myanmar viruses | 6B.1A.5a | R | D | R | T | P | I | |||||||||||
216 | 256 | 261 | 283 | 295 | 321 | 370 | 374 | 391 | 449 | 451 | 454 | 478 | 499 | 501 | 528 | 556 | ||
A/California/7/2009 a | 1 | I | A | K | I | N | E | T | S | K | E | S | ||||||
2015 Myanmar viruses | 6B | T | E | V | S | K | I | N | R | K | I | |||||||
2016 Myanmar viruses | 6B.1 | T | T | E | V | K | N | K | I | |||||||||
A/Michigan/45/2015 b | 6B.1 | A | I | V | S | D | V | |||||||||||
2017 Myanmar viruses | 6B.1A | V | V | I | ||||||||||||||
2019 Myanmar viruses | 6B.1A.5a | V | N | Y | I |
IC50 (nM) Median, Min–Max [Fold Change] * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
NAIs | Peramivir | Oseltamivir | Zanamivir | Laninamivir |
Viruses without NA/H275Y substitution, N = 26 | 0.07, 0.06–0.18 [0.85–2.59] | 0.53, 0.42–4.50 [0.80–8.49] | 0.38, 0.31–3.71 [0.82–9.75] | 0.30, 0.21–0.80 [0.70–2.67] |
Viruses possessing NA/H275Y substitution, N = 3 | 5.60, 5.29–10.66 [75.57–152.28] | 184.70, 159.65–263.48 [301.22–497.13] | 0.33, 0.30–0.49 [0.79–1.29] | 0.50, 0.45–0.64 [1.51–2.13] |
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Chon, I.; Win, S.M.K.; Phyu, W.W.; Saito, R.; Kyaw, Y.; Win, N.C.; Lasham, D.J.; Tin, H.H.; Tamura, T.; Otoguro, T.; et al. Whole-Genome Analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated from Influenza-like Illness Outpatients in Myanmar and Community-Acquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Strains Present from 2015 to 2019. Viruses 2024, 16, 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081300
Chon I, Win SMK, Phyu WW, Saito R, Kyaw Y, Win NC, Lasham DJ, Tin HH, Tamura T, Otoguro T, et al. Whole-Genome Analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated from Influenza-like Illness Outpatients in Myanmar and Community-Acquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Strains Present from 2015 to 2019. Viruses. 2024; 16(8):1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081300
Chicago/Turabian StyleChon, Irina, Su Mon Kyaw Win, Wint Wint Phyu, Reiko Saito, Yadanar Kyaw, Nay Chi Win, Di Ja Lasham, Htay Htay Tin, Tsutomu Tamura, Teruhime Otoguro, and et al. 2024. "Whole-Genome Analysis of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated from Influenza-like Illness Outpatients in Myanmar and Community-Acquired Oseltamivir-Resistant Strains Present from 2015 to 2019" Viruses 16, no. 8: 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081300