Experimental Infections of Wild Birds with West Nile Virus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Viral Factors
2.1. Lineages and Strains
2.2. Pathogenicity Determinants
2.3. Viral Dose
3. Host Factors
3.1. Taxonomic Classification
3.2. Geographical Origin (Paleartic vs. Neartic Species)
3.3. Age
3.4. Other Life History Traits
Order | Family | Species | Strain/Mortality+ | Viremia | Distribution | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Passeriformes | Turdidae | American robin (Turdus migratorius) | NY | H | AM | [5,54] |
Swainson’s thrush (Catharus ustulatus) | NY | M | AM | [82] | ||
Clay-colored thrush (Turdus grayi) | | M | AM | [88] | ||
Corvidae | Carrion crow (Corvus corone) | | L | EUR/ASIA | [34] | |
American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) | | H | AM | [5,25,26,27,35,89,90,91,92] | ||
| M | |||||
Fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) | | H | AM | [5,89,92] | ||
Little raven (Corvus mellori) | NY | M | OCE | [59] | ||
KUN | L | |||||
Hooded crow (Corvus cornix) | | H | EUR/ASIA/AFR | [13] | ||
Western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma californica) | | H | AM | [53] | ||
Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) | | H | AM | [5,91] | ||
Black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) | | H | AM | [5] | ||
Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) | | H | ASIA | [93] | ||
Passeridae | House sparrow (Passer domesticus) | | H | WORLDWIDE | [5,13,27,28,36,38,53,67,76,80,81,88,94] | |
TEX/KUN/IT08 | M | |||||
MEX | L | |||||
Cape sparrow (Passer melanurus) | | L | AFR | [21] | ||
Icteridae | Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) | NY | M/L | AM | [5,77,95] | |
Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) | NY | L | AM | [67,77] | ||
Brewer’s blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) | NY | H | AM | [67,77] | ||
Tricolored blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) | NY | H | AM | [77] | ||
Common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) | | H | AM | [5] | ||
Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) | | H | AM | [88] | ||
Bay-winged cowbird (Agelaioides badius) | ARG | L | AM | [30] | ||
Shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) | ARG | L | AM | [30] | ||
Emberizidae | Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) | NY | M | AM | [96] | |
White-crowned sparrow(Zonotrichia leucophrys) | | na | AM | [67] | ||
Fringillidae | Hawai’i ’amakihi (Hemignathus virens) | | H | AM | [81] | |
House finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) | | H | AM | [5,53,67,87] | ||
Passeriformes | Ploceidae | African masked weaver (Ploceus velatus) | | M | AFR | [21] |
Red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea) | | L | AFR | [21] | ||
Red bishop (Euplectes orix) | | M | AFR | [21] | ||
Hirundinidae | Cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) | NY | M | AM | [56,97] | |
Mimidae | Gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) | NY | M | AM | [82] | |
Northern mockingbird (Mimuspolyglottos) | NY | H | AM | [94] | ||
Sturnidae | European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) | NY | M | WORLDWIDE | [5,67] | |
Cardinalidae | Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) | NY | H | AM | [79,94] | |
Paridae | Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) | | H | AM | [98] | |
Troglodytidae | Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) | | H | AM | [98] | |
Falconiformes | Falconidae | Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) | | H | AM/EUR/AS | [43] |
NY | M | |||||
Hybrid falcon (Falco rusticolus x Falco cherrug) | | L | WORLDWIDE | [99] | ||
American kestrel (Falco sparverius) | NY | H | AM | [5,66] | ||
Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) | EGY | L | EUR/AS/AFR | [13] | ||
Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) | NY | H | AM | [66] |
Strigiformes | Tytonidae | Barn owl (Tyto alba) | NY | L | WORLDWIDE | [66] |
Strigidae | Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) | NY | H | AM | [5,66] | |
Eastern screech-owl (Megascops asio) | | H | AM | [100] | ||
Galliformes | Odontophoridae | California quail (Callipepla californica) | NY | L | AM | [53,68] |
Gambel’s quail (Callipepla gambelii) | NY | L | AM | [68] | ||
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) | NY | L | AM | [5] | ||
Phasianidae | Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) | | H | EUR | [37,101] | |
| L | |||||
Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) | NY | L | WORLDWIDE | [5] | ||
Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) | NY | L | WORLDWIDE | [5] | ||
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) | | M | AM | [102] | ||
Pelecaniformes | Ardeidae | Rufous night-heron (Nycticorax caledonicus) | KUN | L | OCE | [23,24] |
Little egret (Egretta garzetta) | KUN | L | EUR/AS/AFR/OCE | [23,24] | ||
Intermediate heron (Mesophoyx intermedia) | KUN | L | AFR/AS | [23,24] | ||
Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) | | L | WORLDWIDE | [13,21] | ||
Threskiornithidae | African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) | | L | AFR/AS | [21] | |
Columbiformes | Columbidae | Rock pigeon (Columba livia) | | L | WORLDWIDE | [21,88] |
Ring-necked dove (Streptopelia capicola) | | L | AFR | [21] | ||
Eurasian collared-dove (Streptopelia decaocto) | NY/CO | M | AM/EUR/AS/AFR | [29] | ||
Laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) | | L | AFR/AS | [13,21] | ||
Common ground-dove (Columbina passerina) | | na | AM | [67] | ||
Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) | NY | M | AM | [5,53,67] | ||
Picui ground-dove (Columbina picui) | ARG | M | AM | [30] | ||
Gruiformes | Rallidae | American coot (Fulica americana) | NY | L | AM | [5] |
Crested coot (Fulica cristata) | | L | AFR/EUR | [21] | ||
Gruidae | Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) | NY | L | AM | [103] | |
Anseriformes | Anatidae | Common goose (Anser anser) | | M | WORLDWIDE | [33] |
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) | NY | M | AM/EUR | [5] | ||
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) | NY | H | WORLDWIDE | [5] | ||
Yellow-billed duck(Anas undulata) | | L | AFR | [21] | ||
Red-billed teal (Anas erythrorhyncha) | | L | AFR | [21] | ||
Southern pochard (Netta erythrophthalma) | | L | AFR | [21] | ||
Charadriiformes | Charadriidae | Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) | NY | H | AM | [5] |
Laridae | Ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) | | H | AM | [5] | |
Psittaciformes | Psittacidae | Monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) | NY | L | AM | [5] |
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) | NY | L | OCE | [5] | ||
Piciformes | Picidae | Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) | NY | M | AM | [5] |
4. Pathogenesis
5. Immune Response
5.1. Duration of Humoral Immunity
5.2. Effect of Previous Exposure to WNV or Other Flaviviruses (Cross-Protection)
6. Transmission
6.1. Arthropod-Borne Transmission
Vector species | Host | Transmission arthropod-bird | Transmission bird-arthropod-vertebrate * | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Order | Species | |||||
Class: Insecta | ||||||
Order: Diptera | Culex pipiens | Passeriformes | House sparrow, Hooded crow | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] |
Falconiformes | Common kestrel | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] | ||
Pelecaniformes | Buff-backed heron | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] | ||
Columbiformes | Palm dove | Yes | No (mouse) | [13] | ||
Culex univittatus | Passeriformes | House sparrow, Hooded crow | Yes | Yes (mouse) | [13] | |
Pelecaniformes | Buff-backed heron | Yes | - | [13] | ||
Columbiformes | Palm dove | - | Yes (mouse) | [13] | ||
Culex antennatus | Passeriformes | House sparrow | - | Yes (mouse) | [13] | |
Culex tritaeniorhynchus | Passeriformes | American robin, American crow, Fish crow, Blue jay, Black-billed magpie, House sparrow, Red-winged blackbird, Common grackle, House finch, European starling | Yes | - | [5] | |
Falconiformes | American kestrel | Yes | - | [5,66] | ||
Strigiformes | Great horned owl | Yes | - | [5,66] | ||
Galliformes | Northern bobwhite, Japanese quail, Ring-necked pheasant | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Columbiformes | Mourning dove, Rock pigeon | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Gruiformes | American coot | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Anseriformes | Canada goose, Mallard | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Charadriiformes | Killdeer, Ring-billed gull | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Psittaciformes | Monk parakeet, Budgerigar | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Piciformes | Northern flicker | Yes | - | [5] | ||
Culex quincefasciatus | Passeriformes | Cape sparrow, Red bishop | - | Yes (mouse) | [117] | |
Passeriformes | Hawai`i `amakihi | Yes | Yes, (Hawai`i `amakihi) | [81] | ||
Culex tarsalis | Passeriformes | House finch | - | Yes (House finch) | [116] | |
Order: Hemiptera | Oeciacus vicarius | Passeriformes | Cliff swallow | - | No (Cliff swallow) | [97] |
Class: Arachnida | ||||||
Order: Acari | Ixodes pacificus | Passeriformes | Song sparrow | - | No (Song sparrow) | [120] |
6.2. Contact and Oral Transmission
6.3. Persistence of Infection
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Pérez-Ramírez, E.; Llorente, F.; Jiménez-Clavero, M.Á. Experimental Infections of Wild Birds with West Nile Virus. Viruses 2014, 6, 752-781. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6020752
Pérez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Experimental Infections of Wild Birds with West Nile Virus. Viruses. 2014; 6(2):752-781. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6020752
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Ramírez, Elisa, Francisco Llorente, and Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero. 2014. "Experimental Infections of Wild Birds with West Nile Virus" Viruses 6, no. 2: 752-781. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6020752