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Review

The Association Between Crohn’s Disease and Patient Response to Yeast: A Review of the Literature

1
Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
2
Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15(4), 1064-1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15040073
Submission received: 2 November 2024 / Revised: 6 December 2024 / Accepted: 9 December 2024 / Published: 10 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Aspects of Gastrointestinal Diseases)

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease represents a wide range of pathologies and disease states including Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite extensive research, the exact immunopathogenesis of Crohn’s disease remains unclear, but a variety of studies over the years have pointed to yeast as a potential source antigen of uncertain significance. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature investigating the association between Crohn’s disease patients and their responses to yeast. To do this, we performed a literature review by looking at clinical and translational research regarding the immunopathogenesis of Crohn’s disease, yeast and its associated biomarkers, and overall patient response to dietary yeast published between 1 January 1990 and 1 October 2024 that were indexed on PubMed and Google Scholar with the majority written in English. It was found that antibodies against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) have proven to be highly specific for CD during the workup of IBD and may have diagnostic value for the purpose of excluding ulcerative colitis. For CD patients, there appears to be a dysregulated immune response to antigens like yeast that results in abnormal mucosal permeability and thus increases antigen presentation to the immune system. In addition, ASCA and its immunoglobulin modifications have been shown to have significant potential in the prediction of CD onset and disease course. Interestingly, although other abnormally structured antibodies can be found in CD patients’ serum for years preceding diagnosis, there appears to be no relation between ASCA and dietary yeast sensitivity by CD patients. In conclusion, significant research efforts have been made in recent years to explore the role of diet in the disease course and management of patients with Crohn’s disease. The immunological role of antigens including yeast in CD is complex and may represent an important pathogenetic factor in addition to influencing the specific phenotype of the disease. Unfortunately, no single specific diet is superior for the management of IBD, and individualized patient treatment by experts in the field is best for adjunctive therapy. New studies characterizing the microbiome of CD patients and also using immune markers/gene modifications to predict disease outcomes have shown to be quite promising. However, further research is required to investigate the CD yeast response and its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of CD.
Keywords: Crohn’s disease; yeast sensitivity; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; ASCA Crohn’s disease; yeast sensitivity; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; ASCA

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zonna, X.; Banta, C.; Hossein-Javaheri, N. The Association Between Crohn’s Disease and Patient Response to Yeast: A Review of the Literature. Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15, 1064-1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15040073

AMA Style

Zonna X, Banta C, Hossein-Javaheri N. The Association Between Crohn’s Disease and Patient Response to Yeast: A Review of the Literature. Gastroenterology Insights. 2024; 15(4):1064-1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15040073

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zonna, Xavier, Conor Banta, and Nariman Hossein-Javaheri. 2024. "The Association Between Crohn’s Disease and Patient Response to Yeast: A Review of the Literature" Gastroenterology Insights 15, no. 4: 1064-1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15040073

APA Style

Zonna, X., Banta, C., & Hossein-Javaheri, N. (2024). The Association Between Crohn’s Disease and Patient Response to Yeast: A Review of the Literature. Gastroenterology Insights, 15(4), 1064-1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15040073

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