Item Response Theory Investigation of Misophonia Auditory Triggers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Factor Analysis
2.4. Item Response Theory
2.5. Reliability
2.6. Hypothesis Testing
3. Results
3.1. Sample: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Trigger Psychometric Properties-Misophonia Specific Population
3.2.1. Intensity of Misophonic Triggers
3.2.2. Endorsement of Misophonic Triggers
Factor Analysis
Reliability
Item Response Theory
3.3. Hypothesis Testing—Misophonia Non-Specific Sample MNS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sound | Mean (sd) | Median (Q1–Q3) | Agreement in Time | Weighted Cohen’s k | Psi (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I1 Normal eating | 2.2 (1.2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.86 (0.82, 1) |
I2 Chewing/Mouth open | 3.5 (0.8) | 4 (3–4) | 0.98 | 0.82 | 0.79 (0.74, 1) |
I3 Crunching | 2.7 (1.3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.89 (0.86, 1) |
I4 Mushy foods | 2.0 (1.4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.83 (0.78, 1) |
I5 Swallowing | 1.8 (1.3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.97 | 0.86 | 0.87 (0.83, 1) |
I6 Lip smacking | 2.9 (1.1) | 3 (2–4) | 0.94 | 0.71 | 0.84 (0.79, 1) |
I7 Slurping | 2.8 (1.2) | 3 (2–4) | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.87 (0.83, 1) |
I8 Normal breathing | 0.9 (1.1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.96 | 0.57 | 0.83 (0.79, 1) |
I9 Loud/unusual breathing (blocked nose) | 2.6 (1.2) | 3 (2–4) | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.84 (0.80, 1) |
I10 Throat clearing | 1.9 (1.3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.94 | 0.63 | 0.83 (0.77, 1) |
I11 Repetitive coughing | 2.1 (1.2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.95 | 0.78 | 0.85 (0.81, 1) |
I12 Repetitive sniffing | 2.6 (1.2) | 3 (2–4) | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.88 (0.84, 1) |
I13 Hiccups | 0.9 (1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.79 (0.74, 1) |
I14 Snoring | 2.6 (1.4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.96 | 0.85 | 0.87 (0.83, 1) |
I15 Certain letter sounds | 1.0 (1.3) | 0 (0–2) | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.82 (0.77, 1) |
I16 Certain accents | 0.8 (1.2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.97 | 0.76 | 0.75 (0.70, 1) |
I17 Certain words | 0.9 (1.2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.96 | 0.66 | 0.77 (0.71, 1) |
I18 Whistling sound | 1.8 (1.4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.85 (0.81, 1) |
I19 Sound of tapping (pen, foot, finger) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.86 (0.82, 1) |
I20 Keyboard tapping | 1.5 (1.3) | 1 (0–3) | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.86 (0.82, 1) |
I21 Rustling plastic or paper | 1.5 (1.4) | 1 (0–3) | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.85 (0.81, 1) |
I22 Cutting nails | 2.1 (1.4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.85 (0.81, 1) |
I23 Chewing gum | 3.4 (1) | 4 (3–4) | 0.97 | 0.82 | 0.83 (0.78, 1) |
I24 Footsteps | 0.8 (1.1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.95 | 0.66 | 0.77 (0.72, 1) |
I25 Cutlery noises | 2.3 (1.4) | 2 (1–4) | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.84 (0.79, 1) |
I26 Sneezing | 0.8 (1.1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.96 | 0.70 | 0.83 (0.78, 1) |
I27 Kissing | 1.5 (1.4) | 1 (0–3) | 0.96 | 0.72 | 0.87 (0.82, 1) |
I28 Joint cracking | 1.2 (1.3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.97 | 0.82 | 0.83 (0.79, 1) |
I29 Muffled | 2.0 (1.4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.89 (0.85, 1) |
I30 Baby crying | 1.7 (1.4) | 1 (0–3) | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.87 (0.83, 1) |
I31 Repetitive barking | 1.8 (1.3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.87 (0.83, 1) |
I32 Car engine | 0.5 (0.9) | 0 (0–1) | 0.95 | 0.50 | 0.76 (0.71, 1) |
I33 Clock ticking | 1.2 (1.3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.84 (0.79, 1) |
I34 Humming of object | 1.2 (1.2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.84 (0.81, 1) |
I35 Bass sounds | 1.4 (1.5) | 1 (0–3) | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.82 (0.78, 1) |
Item | Trigger Endorsement | EFA Loadings (Promax Rotation) | Internal Consistency * | 2-PL IRT Model Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | F1 | F2 | F3 | AID | ITC | a (sd) | b (sd) | |
I2 mouth | 549 (89.9) | 1.03 | 0.75 | 0.60 | 4.3 (0.9) | −1.4 (0.1) | ||
I6 smacking | 438 (71.5) | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 1.6 (0.2) | −0.8 (0.1) | ||
I1 eating | 279 (45.6) | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.69 | 2.3 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.1) | ||
I4 mushy | 268 (43.8) | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 2.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.1) | ||
I5 swallowing | 209 (34.3) | 0.66 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 2.2 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.1) | |
I3 crunching | 396 (64.6) | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 1.6 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.1) | ||
I7 slurping | 421 (68.7) | 0.64 | 0.25 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 1.8 (0.2) | −0.7 (0.1) | |
I23 gum | 548 (89.4) | 0.58 | 0.77 | 0.45 | 1.3 (0.2) | −2.1 (0.2) | ||
I9 blocked nose | 361 (59.1) | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 1.8 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.1) | ||
I8 breathing | 62 (10.1) | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.3) | ||
I12 sniffing | 455 (74.3) | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 1.1 (0.2) | −1.2 (0.2) | ||
I11 coughing | 397 (65.0) | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.9 (0.2) | −0.8 (0.2) | ||
I10 throat | 390 (63.8) | 0.40 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.7 (0.2) | −0.9 (0.2) | ||
I14 snoring | 447 (73.0) | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 1.0 (0.2) | −1.2 (0.2) | |
I13 hiccups | 269 (44.0) | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.1) | |
I32 car | 126 (20.7) | 0.63 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | ||
I35 bass | 269 (44.0) | 0.59 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 1.1 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | ||
I19 tapping | 380 (62.1) | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.48 | 1.1 (0.1) | −0.5 (0.1) | ||
I15 letter | 229 (37.4) | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.1) | ||
I21 rustling | 314 (51.5) | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 1.2 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||
I16 accents | 199 (32.6) | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | ||
I17 words | 207 (33.8) | 0.49 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | ||
I34 humming | 271 (44.4) | 0.49 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | ||
I24 footsteps | 213 (34.9) | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | ||
I18 whistling | 342 (55.9) | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 1.1 (0.1) | −0.3 (0.1) | ||
I28 joint | 278 (45.6) | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | ||
I20 keyboard | 323 (53.0) | 0.39 | 0.73 | 0.39 | 0.8 (0.1) | −0.2 (0.1) | ||
I29 muffled | 369 (60.3) | 0.38 | 0.73 | 0.39 | 0.8 (0.1) | −0.6 (0.1) | ||
I33 clock | 267 (43.6) | 0.36 | 0.73 | 0.37 | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.2) | ||
I27 kissing | 347 (56.9) | 0.36 | 0.74 | 0.33 | 0.5 (0.1) | −0.5 (0.2) | ||
I26 sneezing | 222 (36.3) | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.73 | 0.42 | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | |
I30 crying | 349 (57.1) | 0.34 | 0.74 | 0.34 | 0.5 (0.1) | −0.6 (0.2) | ||
I22 nails | 381 (62.4) | 0.29 | 0.73 | 0.37 | 0.6 (0.1) | −0.9 (0.2) | ||
I31 barking | 346 (56.4) | 0.26 | 0.74 | 0.33 | 0.5 (0.1) | −0.5 (0.2) | ||
I25 cutlery | 420 (68.6) | 0.21 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.5 (0.1) | −1.7 (0.4) |
Trigger Sound | Dimension | Odds Ratio | Unadjusted p-Value | B&H p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
I1 Normal eating | EaS | 42.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I2 Chewing/Mouth open | EaS | 43.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I3 Crunching | EaS | 107.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I4 Mushy foods | EaS | 18.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I5 Swallowing | EaS | 15.1 | 0.010 | 0.027 |
I6 Lip smacking | EaS | 28.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I7 Slurping | EaS | 23.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I8 Normal breathing | N/TS | - | - | - |
I9 Loud/unusual breathing (blocked nose) | N/TS | 21.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I10 Throat clearing | N/TS | 1.0 | 0.905 | 0.994 |
I11 Repetitive coughing | N/TS | 1.8 | 0.107 | 0.208 |
I12 Repetitive sniffing | N/TS | 3.4 | 0.002 | 0.008 |
I13 Hiccups | N/TS | 1.0 | 0.983 | 0.994 |
I14 Snoring | N/TS | 2.4 | 0.026 | 0.061 |
I15 Certain letter sounds | GES | 2.6 | 0.113 | 0.208 |
I16 Certain accents | GES | 1.0 | 0.952 | 0.994 |
I17 Certain words | GES | 1.7 | 0.200 | 0.333 |
I18 Whistling sound | GES | 2.9 | 0.007 | 0.022 |
I19 Sound of tapping (pen, foot, finger) | GES | 1.2 | 0.708 | 0.918 |
I20 Keyboard tapping | GES | 2.6 | 0.013 | 0.032 |
I21 Rustling plastic or paper | GES | 3.0 | 0.005 | 0.018 |
I22 Cutting nails | GES | 2.7 | 0.009 | 0.026 |
I23 Chewing gum | EaS | 12.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
I24 Footsteps | GES | 1.2 | 0.618 | 0.865 |
I25 Cutlery noises | GES | 3.5 | 0.002 | 0.008 |
I26 Sneezing | GES | 0.7 | 0.334 | 0.531 |
I27 Kissing | GES | 1.3 | 0.444 | 0.648 |
I28 Joint cracking | GES | 0.9 | 0.859 | 0.994 |
I29 Muffled | GES | 1.9 | 0.086 | 0.177 |
I30 Baby crying | GES | 1.1 | 0.901 | 0.994 |
I31 Repetitive barking | GES | 1.6 | 0.185 | 0.324 |
I32 Car engine | GES | 0.9 | 0.823 | 0.994 |
I33 Clock ticking | GES | 1.4 | 0.421 | 0.641 |
I34 Humming of object | GES | 1.2 | 0.673 | 0.906 |
I35 Bass sounds | GES | 2.4 | 0.031 | 0.068 |
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Vitoratou, S.; Uglik-Marucha, N.; Hayes, C.; Erfanian, M.; Pearson, O.; Gregory, J. Item Response Theory Investigation of Misophonia Auditory Triggers. Audiol. Res. 2021, 11, 567-581. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040051
Vitoratou S, Uglik-Marucha N, Hayes C, Erfanian M, Pearson O, Gregory J. Item Response Theory Investigation of Misophonia Auditory Triggers. Audiology Research. 2021; 11(4):567-581. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040051
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitoratou, Silia, Nora Uglik-Marucha, Chloe Hayes, Mercede Erfanian, Oliver Pearson, and Jane Gregory. 2021. "Item Response Theory Investigation of Misophonia Auditory Triggers" Audiology Research 11, no. 4: 567-581. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040051