Advancements in Pediatric Audiological Assessments Using Wideband Acoustic Immittance: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Establishing Normative Data for Pediatric Wideband Acoustic Immittance
2.1. Comparative Analysis of Wideband Absorbance at Different Ages
2.2. Comparative Analysis of WBA Patterns in Both Children and Adults
2.3. Comparative Analysis of Wideband Absorbance between Ethnicities
3. Characteristics of WAI in Ear Diseases
3.1. Middle-Ear Diseases
3.2. Inner-Ear Diseases
3.3. Other Applications
3.4. Application Summary
Condition | Author(s) | Study Group (n, age) | Key Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Otitis media | Merchant et al. (2023) [51] | 63 ears, 9 months to 11 years 2 months | The analog model produced good fits for all effusion volume (full, partial, or clear) groups, which can estimate behavioral audiometric thresholds within a margin of error that is small enough to be clinically meaningful. |
Merchant et al. (2021) [37] | 49 ears, 9 months—11 years | A multivariate logistic regression approach was utilized. WBA is a strong and sensitive indicator of OME. | |
Liang et al. (2021) [52] | 136 ears, 3–7 years | WBA is an effective method of diagnosing OME in children. The frequency band with the most predictive value of WBA for OME is 0.47–1.03 kHz. | |
Aithal et al. (2020) [53] | 60 ears, 5.5 ± 3.3 years | WBA demonstrated a high test performance comparable to 226-Hz tympanometry. | |
Zhang et al. (2023) [32] | 56 ears, 5.82 ± 3.04 years vs. 78 ears, 6.56 ± 2.86 years vs. 70 ears, 5.97 ± 2.75 years | A negative correlation was found between the middle-ear resonance frequency and effusion viscosity, as well as the air-bone gap. | |
Callaham et al. (2021) [33] | 211 ears, mean age: 2.73 years | WBA can differentiate between types of middle-ear effusion (serous, mucoid, or purulent). | |
Pan and Yang [15] | 342 ears, 2–16 years | WBT’s utility in diagnosing OME was explored. | |
Keefe et al. (2012) [28] | 35 ears, 3.5–8.2 years | WBA is a more accurate predictor (97–99% accuracy) of OME compared with traditional 226 Hz tympanometry (80–93% accuracy). | |
Beers et al. (2010) [16] | 64 ears, mean age: 6.34 years | Ethnic differences were found in the energy reflectance and effectiveness of WBA in distinguishing normal ears from those with MEE. | |
Cochlear implant | Jiang et al. (2021) [34] | 20 ears, 6–8 years | A significantly lower WBA was found in the OME group compared with the control group under different pressure conditions. |
Wu et al. (2021) [50] | 12 ears, 6–8 years and 2.52 ± 0.51 years | The WBA characteristics in infants with cochlear implants were studied. | |
Down syndrome | Kaf (2011) [35] | 19 ears, 2½–5 years | The WBR in children with Down syndrome was analyzed, revealing unique patterns. |
Soares et al. (2016) [48] | 42 ears, 2–16 years | WBR was investigated as a diagnostic tool in children with Down syndrome. | |
Inner-ear malformations | Kaya et al. (2020) [5] | 107 ears, 3–37 years | The WBA in various inner-ear malformations was examined. |
Large vestibular aqueduct syndrome | Jiang et al. (2024) [46] | 82 ears, 6 months–11 years | Lower WBA values at 1259–2000 Hz and higher values at 4000–6349 Hz were found. |
Li et al. (2023) [21] | 38 ears, mean age: 57 months | A higher WBA at low–mid-frequencies (343–1124 Hz and 1943–2448 Hz) was found in the LVAS group compared with the control groups, while it was lower at high frequencies (3886–6727 Hz). | |
Ding et al. (2021) [47] | 40 ears, 3–11 years | A higher WBA at 226–1000 Hz was found. | |
Zhang et al. (2020) [30] | 24 ears, 3–9 years | A lower WBA at 1000, 1189, 1296, 2000, and 4000 Hz was found. |
4. Further Clinical Implications with Case Studies
5. Case 1: Bilateral Large Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (LVAS)
5.1. Patient Background and Initial Assessment
5.2. WAI Findings
5.3. Clinical Significance
6. Case 2: Cholesteatoma
6.1. Medical History
6.2. Clinical Examination
6.3. WAI Findings
6.4. Surgical Intervention
6.5. Clinical Significance
7. Limitations
8. Future Studies
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Jiang, W.; Mu, Y.; Zhao, F.; Wang, P. Advancements in Pediatric Audiological Assessments Using Wideband Acoustic Immittance: A Review. Audiol. Res. 2024, 14, 684-700. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14040058
Jiang W, Mu Y, Zhao F, Wang P. Advancements in Pediatric Audiological Assessments Using Wideband Acoustic Immittance: A Review. Audiology Research. 2024; 14(4):684-700. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14040058
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Wen, Yi Mu, Fei Zhao, and Peng Wang. 2024. "Advancements in Pediatric Audiological Assessments Using Wideband Acoustic Immittance: A Review" Audiology Research 14, no. 4: 684-700. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14040058