Biomarkers for Exposure as a Tool for Efficacy Testing of a Mycotoxin Detoxifier in Broiler Chickens and Pigs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Biomarkers for Exposure
2.2. Broiler Chicken Trial
2.3. Pig Trial
3. Discussion
3.1. Biomarkers for Exposure
3.1.1. Broiler Chickens
3.1.2. Pigs
3.2. Efficacy of the Mycotoxin Detoxifier
3.2.1. Broiler Chickens
3.2.2. Pigs
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Chemicals, Products, and Reagent
4.2. Broiler Chicken Trial
4.3. Pig Trial
4.4. Sample Preparation, LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS Analysis
4.5. Toxicokinetic and Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mycotoxin(s) against Which the Additive Is Intended to Act | Most Relevant Biomarkers for Exposure |
---|---|
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | Aflatoxin M1 in milk/egg yolk |
Deoxynivalenol (DON) | DON/metabolites in blood serum |
Zearalenone (ZEN) | ZEN + α- and β-zearalenol in plasma Excretion of ZEN/metabolites |
Ochratoxin A (OTA) | OTA in kidney (or blood serum) |
Fumonisins B1+B2 | Sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in blood, plasma or tissue |
Pig | Plasma | Urine | Feces |
DON | DON DON-GlcA | DON, DOM-1 DON-GlcA (below LOQ) | DON (below LOQ) DOM-1 (below LOQ) |
ZEN | ZEN ZEN-GlcA | ZEN, AZEL, BZEL, ZAN ZEN-GlcA | ZEN, AZEL, BZEL, AZAL, BZAL, ZAN |
Broiler Chicken | Plasma | Excreta | |
AFB1 | AFL AFB1 | AFB1 | |
OTA | OTA | OTA | |
DON | DON-S | DON-S |
Mycotoxins in Matrix | Treatment or Control | Area Under the Concentration–Time Curve from Time Zero to the Last Time Point (AUC0→t) | Area Under the Concentration–Time Curve from Time Zero to Infinity (AUC0→∞) | % Difference of AUC0→∞ between Treatment and Control [(Tr-C)/C)] | Maximum Concentration Cmax | Time to Maximum Concentration Tmax (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DON-S in plasma | Treatment | 1,484,621 (peak area * h) | 1,545,085 (peak area * h) | −49% * | 26,260 (peak area) | 0.25 |
DON-S in plasma | Control | 2,960,870 (peak area * h) | 3,009,746 (peak area * h) | 52,183 (peak area) | 0.5 | |
DON-S in excreta | Treatment | n.a. | n.a. | 118,670 (peak area) | 3.00 | |
DON-S in excreta | Control | n.a. | n.a. | 55,753 (peak area) | 6.00 | |
AFB1 in plasma | Treatment | 992 (h * ng/mL) | 1156 (h * ng/mL) | −40% * | 11.5 ng/mL | 0.50 |
AFB1 in plasma | Control | 1600 (h * ng/mL) | 1914 (h * ng/mL) | 9.8 ng/mL | 0.25 | |
AFB1 in excreta | Treatment | n.a. | n.a. | 3309 ng/g | 6.00 | |
AFB1 in excreta | Control | n.a. | n.a. | 2400 ng/g | 6.00 | |
OTA in plasma | Treatment | 16,874 (h * ng/mL) | 17,560 (h * ng/mL) | +13% | 70.3 ng/mL | 0.25 |
OTA in plasma | Control | 16,315 (h * ng/mL) | 17,322 (h * ng/mL) | 62.1 ng/mL | 0.083 | |
OTA in excreta | Treatment | n.a. | n.a. | 8252 ng/g | 3.00 | |
OTA in excreta | Control | n.a. | n.a. | 5838 ng/g | 6.00 |
Mycotoxins in Matrix | Treatment or Control | Area Under the Concentration–Time Curve from Time Zero to the Last Sampling Point (AUC0→t) | Area Under the Concentration–Time Curve from Time Zero to Infinity (AUC0→∞) | % Difference of AUC0→∞ between Treatment and Control [(Tr-C)/C)] | Maximum Concentration Cmax | Time at Maximum Concentration Tmax (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DON-GlcA in plasma | Treatment | 3287 (peak area * h) | 4739 (peak area * h) | −13% | 600 (peak area) | 3 |
DON-GlcA in plasma | Control | 4819 (peak area * h) | 5433 (peak area * h) | 755 (peak area) | 4 | |
DON in urine | Treatment | 9729 (h * ng/mL) | 12,429 (h * ng/mL) | −26% | 2532 ng/mL | 4–8 |
DON in urine | Control | 11,990 (h * ng/mL) | 17,006 (h * ng/mL) | 1597 ng/mL | 4–8 | |
ZEN-GlcA in plasma | Treatment | 54,606 (peak area * h) | 56,594 (peak area * h) | −12% | 12,247 (peak area) | 0.75 |
ZEN-GlcA in plasma | Control | 61,708 (peak area * h) | 64,456 (peak area * h) | 19,487 (peak area) | 0.33 | |
ZEN-GlcA in urine | Treatment | 19,559,385 (peak area * h) | 24,454,352 (peak area * h) | −4% | 1,640,555 (peak area) | 4–8 |
ZEN-GlcA in urine | Control | 16,850,362 (peak area * h) | 25,470,498 (peak area * h) | 1,639,248 (peak area) | 4–8 | |
ZEN in feces | Treatment | 267,115 (h * ng/g) | n.a. | +21% | n.a. | n.a. |
ZEN in feces | Control | 220,788 (h * ng/g) | n.a. | 18,621 ng/g | 12 |
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Lauwers, M.; Croubels, S.; Letor, B.; Gougoulias, C.; Devreese, M. Biomarkers for Exposure as a Tool for Efficacy Testing of a Mycotoxin Detoxifier in Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Toxins 2019, 11, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040187
Lauwers M, Croubels S, Letor B, Gougoulias C, Devreese M. Biomarkers for Exposure as a Tool for Efficacy Testing of a Mycotoxin Detoxifier in Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Toxins. 2019; 11(4):187. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040187
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauwers, Marianne, Siska Croubels, Ben Letor, Christos Gougoulias, and Mathias Devreese. 2019. "Biomarkers for Exposure as a Tool for Efficacy Testing of a Mycotoxin Detoxifier in Broiler Chickens and Pigs" Toxins 11, no. 4: 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040187