Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Bacillus subtilis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Type I Toxin–Antitoxin Systems
2.1. Overview of B. subtilis Type I TA Systems
2.2. Mechanisms of Antitoxin Action
2.3. Binding Pathway of RNA Antitoxin and Toxin mRNA
2.4. Additional Modes to Preclude Premature Toxin Expression
2.5. Role of Hfq
2.6. RNases Involved in Antitoxin/Toxin mRNA Degradation
2.7. Mode of Action of Type I Toxins
2.8. Regulation of Toxin and Antitoxin Expression and Biological Role
2.9. Distribution of Type I TA Systems among Different Species and Evolutionary Considerations
3. Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems
3.1. Overview of B. subtilis type II TA Systems
3.2. Toxins and Their Mode of Action
3.3. Mechanisms of Antitoxin Action
3.4. Expression and Physiological Role
3.5. Distribution of Type II TA Systems among Different Species and Evolutionary Considerations
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
aa | amino acid |
bp | base-pair |
CDI | contact-dependent growth inhibition |
L | loop |
nt | nucleotide |
RBS | ribosome binding site |
SD | Shine Dalgarno sequence |
SL | stem-loop |
sRNA | small regulatory RNA |
ssRNA | single stranded RNA |
TA | toxin–antitoxin |
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TA System | Location on Prophage | AT (nt) | T RNA (nt) | Mode of AT Action | RNases Cleaving T/AT RNA | T (aa) | Regulation/Peculiarity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
txpA/RatA | skin | 222 | 270 | RD | III *, P/III | 59 | glucose-dependent |
bsrG/SR4 | SPβ | 180 | 294 | TI + RD | III, Y, R/III, R, Y, J1, P | 38 | temperature-dependent |
bsrE/SR5 | P6 | 163 | 255–260 | RD | III *, Y, P/III, J1, P | 30 | multistress-responsive |
yonT-yoyJ/SR6 | SPβ | 100/215 a | >450 | RD yonT TI yoyJ | III */III | 58 | multistress-responsive, SR6 unusually stable |
bsrH/as-bsrH | skin | 200 | 285 | RD ? | J1/n.d. | 29 | multistress-responsive, glucose-dependent |
Toxin (T) | Antitoxin (AT) | T (aa) | AT (aa) | T Target | AT Essential |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SpoIISA (YkaC) | SpoIISB | 248 | 56 | plasma | no |
SpoIISC | 248 | 45 | membrane | no | |
NdoA (YdcE, MazF) | NdoAI (YdcD, MazE) | 116 | 93 | 5′–UACAU RNA | not determined |
YqcG | YqcF | 531 | 192 | DNA | yes |
YokI | YokJ | 571 | 165 | DNA or RNA | no |
YobL | YobK | 600 | 152 | RNA | no |
YxiD | YxxD | 569 | 147 | RNA | yes |
YeeF | YezG | 669 | 151 | DNA or RNA | yes |
YwqJ | YwqK | 602 | 154 | DNA or RNA | no |
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Brantl, S.; Müller, P. Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Bacillus subtilis. Toxins 2019, 11, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050262
Brantl S, Müller P. Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Bacillus subtilis. Toxins. 2019; 11(5):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050262
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrantl, Sabine, and Peter Müller. 2019. "Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Bacillus subtilis" Toxins 11, no. 5: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050262