Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. STEC Serotypes and Their Frequency in Human Outbreaks
2.2. Virulence-Associated Gene Distribution
2.3. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling
2.4. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. STEC Strains and Culture Conditions
5.2. STEC Cultures
5.3. STEC PCR Serotyping (O:H)
5.4. Virulotyping
5.5. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
5.6. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
5.7. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Year | Serotype | stx1 | stx2 | stx2c | stx2d | eaeA | ehxA | katP | espP | etpD | saa | subA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2007 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
2 | 2008 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
3 | 2010 | O111:H8 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
4 | 2010 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
5 | 2011 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
6 | 2011 | O157:H7 | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
7 | 2010 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
8 | 2010 | O117:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
9 | 2010 | O157:H7 | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
10 | 2003 | ONT:H8 | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
11 | 2006 | O111:H8 | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
12 | 2006 | O117:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
13 | 2006 | O117:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
14 | 2007 | O22:H16 | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
15 | 2007 | O8:H19 | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − |
16 | 2007 | O107:H7 | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − |
17 | 2007 | O107:H7 | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − |
18 | 2007 | O107:H7 | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − |
19 | 2007 | O113:H21 | − | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | + |
20 | 2009 | ONT:H21 | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − |
21 | 2009 | O111:H8 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
22 | 2009 | O111:H8 | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
23 | 2009 | O156:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
24 | 2009 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
25 | 2009 | O157:H7 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
26 | 2009 | O111:H8 | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
27 | 2012 | O117:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
28 | 2012 | O117:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
29 | 2012 | O157:H7 | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
30 | 2012 | O157:H7 | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
31 | 2013 | O118:H16 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
32 | 2013 | O156:H7 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
33 | 2009 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
34 | 2013 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
35 | 2008 | O111:H8 | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
36 | 2008 | O26:H11 | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − |
37 | 2010 | O5:HNT | + | − | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | − |
38 | 2008 | O5:HNT | + | − | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | − |
TOTAL | 32 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 23 | 26 | 16 | 21 | 6 | 6 | 1 | ||
% Positive | 84 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 61 | 68 | 42 | 55 | 16 | 16 | 3 |
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Karama, M.; Cenci-Goga, B.T.; Malahlela, M.; Smith, A.M.; Keddy, K.H.; El-Ashram, S.; Kabiru, L.M.; Kalake, A. Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013. Toxins 2019, 11, 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070424
Karama M, Cenci-Goga BT, Malahlela M, Smith AM, Keddy KH, El-Ashram S, Kabiru LM, Kalake A. Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013. Toxins. 2019; 11(7):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070424
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarama, Musafiri, Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Mogaugedi Malahlela, Anthony M. Smith, Karen H. Keddy, Saeed El-Ashram, Lawan M. Kabiru, and Alan Kalake. 2019. "Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013" Toxins 11, no. 7: 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070424