Immobilization of Microbes for Biodegradation of Microcystins: A Mini Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biodegradation of MCs
3. Microbial Immobilization and Its Application for MCs Degradation
3.1. Microbial Immobilization
3.2. The Carriers of Microbial Immobilization
3.3. The Methods of Microbial Immobilization
3.4. Present Understanding of Microbial Immobilization for MCs Degradation
4. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganism | Carrier | Microcystins | Initial Concentration (μg/mL) | Degradation Period | Degradation % | Degradation Rate (µg/L/h) | Container | Condition | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 | ACF-SA | MC-RR | 12 | 8 h | 100 | 7.6 × 102 | - | 30 °C, pH 7.0 | [76] |
Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 | Fe3O4@CTS | MC-LR | 10 | 12 h | 100 | 6.5 × 105 | - | 30 °C, pH 7.2 (Deionized water) | [30] |
Ralstonia solanacearum | carbon nanotubes | MC-RR | 52.5 | within 24 h | 100 | 2.18 × 103 | flasks | 30 °C, pH 7.0 (PBS) | [100] |
MC-LR | 29.5 | ||||||||
B-9 | polyester (Fabios) | MC-RR | 0.2 | 24 h | 100 | 1.25 × 104 | Aeration bioreactor | 25 °C, pH 7.4 (PBS) | [101] |
E. coli BL21_MlrA | alginate | MC-LR | 0.035 | - | 100 | 100.3 | Column | (freshwater) | [102] |
Sphingomonas isolate NV-3 | ceramic | [Dha7]MC-LR | 25 | 30 h | 100 | 8.3 × 102 | IAL-CHS bioreactor | 30 °C, pH 7.2 (synthetic wastewater) | [103] |
Arthrobacter ramosus + HBC | K1 Kaldness media | MC-LR | 50 | 6 days | 93.75 | 3.5 × 102 | Fluidized bed biofilm reactor | 15–19 °C, pH 7.2 (PBS) | [57] |
Bacillus sp. + HBC | K1 Kaldness media | MC-LR | 50 | 6 days | 90.24 | 34.72 | |||
Arthrobacter ramosus (NRRL B-3159) + native bacterial | deinking sludge + sand | MC-LR | 0.05 | 7 cycle study (49 days) | 87 ± 14 | - | sand filter | pH 6.4 (Lake water) | [104] |
hemp fiber + sand | 82 ± 7 | pH 6.5 (Lake water) | |||||||
paper-pulp dry sludge + sand | 78 ± 4 | pH 6.6 (Lake water) | |||||||
Arthrobacter ramosus + native bacterial species | rGO-coated sand | MC-LR | 50 | stage (3): 6 cycles | 91.4 ± 5.6 | - | sand filter | (Lake water) | [105] |
Novosphingobium sp. KKU15 | sand | [Dha7]MC-LR | 5 | 7 d EBCT: not mentioned | 100 | - | slow sand filter | 30 °C, pH 7.2 (Mineral salt medium) | [106] |
Novosphingobium sp. KKU25s | plastic medium | [Dha7]MC-LR | 0.025 | within 24 h | 100 | 1.04 | sterile bioreactor | 30 °C, pH 7.2 (fresh synthetic wastewater) | [103] |
Sphingopyxis sp. strain IM-1 | RO membranes | MCs | 2 | 24 h | 100 | 83.33 | flasks | 27 °C, pH 7.2 (Mineral salt medium) | [88] |
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Zhang, J.; Wei, J.; Massey, I.Y.; Peng, T.; Yang, F. Immobilization of Microbes for Biodegradation of Microcystins: A Mini Review. Toxins 2022, 14, 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080573
Zhang J, Wei J, Massey IY, Peng T, Yang F. Immobilization of Microbes for Biodegradation of Microcystins: A Mini Review. Toxins. 2022; 14(8):573. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080573
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jiajia, Jia Wei, Isaac Yaw Massey, Tangjian Peng, and Fei Yang. 2022. "Immobilization of Microbes for Biodegradation of Microcystins: A Mini Review" Toxins 14, no. 8: 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080573