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Article

Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea

1
Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Food & Nutrition, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2023, 15(7), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070460
Submission received: 28 May 2023 / Revised: 10 July 2023 / Accepted: 12 July 2023 / Published: 18 July 2023

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol are major type B trichothecenes and the most frequently occurring mycotoxins worldwide. Their 3-β-d-glucoside forms have recently become a safety management issue. These glucoside conjugates are converted back to the parent toxins during human digestion, but studies to confirm their bioavailability are lacking. In this study, a risk assessment was performed considering the bioavailability of glucoside conjugates. A literature review was conducted to compile the existing bioavailability studies of glucoside conjugates, and three exposure scenarios considering bioavailability were established. As a result of a risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods, both the deoxynivalenol and nivalenol groups had safe levels of tolerable daily intake percentage (TDI%), not exceeding 100%. The TDI% for the nivalenol group was approximately 2–3 times higher than that for the deoxynivalenol group. Notably, infants showed higher TDI% than adults for both toxin groups. By food processing type, the overall TDI% was highest for raw material, followed by simple-processed and then fermented-processed. Since glucoside conjugates can be converted into parent toxins during the digestion process, a risk assessment considering bioavailability allows the more accurate evaluation of the risk level of glucoside conjugates and can direct their safety management in the future.
Keywords: type B trichothecene; modified mycotoxin; exposure; glucoside conjugate type B trichothecene; modified mycotoxin; exposure; glucoside conjugate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, S.Y.; Cho, S.; Woo, S.Y.; Hwang, M.; Chun, H.S. Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea. Toxins 2023, 15, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070460

AMA Style

Lee SY, Cho S, Woo SY, Hwang M, Chun HS. Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea. Toxins. 2023; 15(7):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070460

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Sang Yoo, Solyi Cho, So Young Woo, Myungsil Hwang, and Hyang Sook Chun. 2023. "Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea" Toxins 15, no. 7: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070460

APA Style

Lee, S. Y., Cho, S., Woo, S. Y., Hwang, M., & Chun, H. S. (2023). Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea. Toxins, 15(7), 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070460

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