Comprehensive Analysis of Bufadienolide and Protein Profiles of Gland Secretions from Medicinal Bufo Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Qualitative Analysis of Bufadienolides by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS
2.2. The Comparison between TV Components from Different Species
2.3. Quantitative Analysis of Five Marker Bufadienolides
2.4. The Comparison of Bufadienolides from Different Regions in the Same Species
2.5. Total Protein Content Determination
2.6. SDS-PAGE Analysis
2.7. Protein Identification and Bioinformatic Analysis
2.8. The Comparison of TV Proteins from Different Species
2.9. The Comparison of TV Proteins from Different Regions in the Same Species
3. Discussion
3.1. Micromolecules in TV
3.2. Macromolecules in TV
3.3. Integrated Analysis Supported Taxonomic Relationship of Toads
3.4. Future Research
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Materials
5.2. TV Samples
5.3. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Analysis
5.4. Quantitative Analysis of Bufadienolides
5.5. Determination of Total Proteins by Bradford Method
5.6. SDS-PAGE Analysis
5.7. In-Solution Digestion of Proteins
5.8. Nano LC-MS/MS Analysis and Protein Identification
5.9. Statistical Analysis and Bioinformatic Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Name | RT (min) | [M+H]+ Detected | [M+H]+ Expected | Error (ppm) | Formula | Bufo Species 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BgC | BmS | BrS | BaS | |||||||
1 | succinyl arginine | 0.60 | 275.1359 | 275.1355 | 1.5 | C10H18N4O5 | ++++ | − | ++++ | ++++ |
2 | adipyl arginine | 0.79 | 303.1674 | 303.1668 | 2.0 | C12H22N4O5 | +++ | − | +++ | ++++ |
3 | serotonin | 0.89 | 177.1028 | 177.1028 | 0.0 | C10H12N2O | + | − | − | + |
4 | N-methyl serotonin | 0.97 | 191.1185 | 191.1184 | 0.5 | C11H14N2O | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
5 | N,N-dimethyl serotonin | 1.03 | 205.1345 | 205.1341 | 1.9 | C12H16N2O | ++ | + | +++ | ++ |
6 | N,N,N-trimethyl serotonin | 1.04 | 219.1497 | 219.1497 | 0.0 | C13H18N2O | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ |
7 | pimeloyl arginine | 1.12 | 317.1830 | 317.1825 | 1.6 | C13H24N4O5 | +++ | + | +++ | ++++ |
8 | dehydrobufotenine | 1.30 | 203.1188 | 203.1184 | 2.0 | C12H14N2O | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
9 | bufothionine | 1.40 | 283.0751 | 283.0753 | −0.7 | C12H14N2O4S | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
10 | suberoyl-L-histidine | 1.53 | 312.1562 | 312.1559 | 1.0 | C14H21N3O5 | + | +++ | + | + |
11 | suberoyl-L-1-methylhistidine | 1.73 | 326.1717 | 326.1716 | 0.3 | C15H23N3O5 | ++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ |
12 | unknown | 1.82 | 245.1866 | 245.1865 | 0.4 | C12H24N2O3 | + | ++++ | ++ | − |
13 | suberoyl arginine | 1.95 | 331.1984 | 331.1981 | 0.9 | C14H26N4O5 | ++++ | ++ | ++++ | ++++ |
14 | sebacyl arginine isomer | 2.42 | 359.2296 | 359.2294 | 0.6 | C16H30N4O5 | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
15 | unknown | 2.85 | 416.2432 2 | 416.2437 | −1.2 | C24H30O5 | + | − | + | + |
16 | azelayl arginine | 3.12 | 345.2142 | 345.2138 | 1.2 | C15H28N4O5 | + | − | + | ++++ |
17 | 11α-hydroxyltelocinobufagin | 3.95 | 419.2418 | 419.2434 | −3.8 | C24H34O6 | ++ | ++ | + | ++ |
18 | 19-hydroxyltelocinobufagin | 4.22 | 419.2423 | 419.2434 | −2.6 | C24H34O6 | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
19 | 5,12β-dihydroxycinobufagin | 4.23 | 475.2322 | 475.2332 | −2.1 | C26H34O8 | + | ++ | + | + |
20 | ψ-bufarenogin | 4.44 | 417.2277 | 417.2277 | 0.0 | C24H32O6 | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ |
21 | gamabufotalin 3-O-succinoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 4.48 | 656.3658 | 659.3656 | 0.3 | C34H50N4O9 | + | − | ++ | + |
22 | 16-acetoxybufarenogin | 4.53 | 475.2328 | 475.2332 | −0.8 | C26H34O8 | + | ++ | + | + |
23 | 16β-Hydroxyl-pseudobufarenogin | 4.56 | 433.2215 | 433.2226 | −2.6 | C24H32O7 | − | − | + | ++ |
24 | 3-oxo-12β-hydroxyl desacetylcinobufagin | 4.56 | 415.2111 | 415.2121 | −2.4 | C24H30O6 | − | − | + | ++ |
25 | gamabufotalin | 4.65 | 403.2485 | 403.2484 | 0.2 | C24H34O5 | +++ | ++ | ++++ | ++++ |
26 | bufarenogin | 4.72 | 417.2272 | 417.2277 | 0.0 | C24H32O6 | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ |
27 | 11α,19-dihydroxylmarinobufagin | 4.75 | 433.2221 | 433.2226 | −1.2 | C24H32O7 | − | − | + | ++ |
28 | gamabufotalin 3-O-succinoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 4.76 | 659.3663 | 659.3656 | 1.1 | C34H50N4O9 | + | − | ++ | + |
29 | 16-O-acetylarenobufagin | 4.77 | 475.2334 | 475.2332 | 0.4 | C26H34O8 | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
30 | 1β-hydroxylbufalin | 4.78 | 403.2476 | 403.2484 | −2.0 | C24H34O5 | ++ | ++ | − | +++ |
31 | gamabufotalin 3-O-succinoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.08 | 659.3654 | 659.3656 | −0.3 | C34H50N4O9 | + | − | ++ | + |
32 | arenobufagin/hellebrigenin 3-O-succinoyl arginine | 5.15 | 673.3824 | 673.3813 | 1.6 | C35H52N4O9 | − | − | − | + |
33 | arenobufagin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester | 5.19 | 701.3748 | 701.3762 | −2.0 | C36H52N4O10 | + | − | − | +++ |
34 | 19-oxo-desacetylcinobufagin | 5.19 | 415.2129 | 415.2121 | 1.9 | C24H30O6 | ++ | − | − | ++ |
35 | hellebrigenol | 5.19 | 419.2427 | 419.2434 | −1.7 | C24H34O6 | ++ | ++ | + | ++ |
36 | hellebrigenol 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.21 | 731.4226 | 731.4231 | −0.7 | C38H58N4O10 | + | − | + | +++ |
37 | 1β-Hydroxylarenobufagin | 5.23 | 433.2211 | 433.2226 | −3.5 | C24H32O7 | − | − | + | + |
38 | gamabufotalin isomer | 5.28 | 403.2479 | 403.2484 | −1.2 | C24H34O5 | ++ | ++ | + | +++ |
39 | 5-hydroxy bufotalin | 5.28 | 461.2531 | 461.2539 | −1.7 | C26H36O7 | ++ | ++ | + | ++ |
40 | arenobufagin | 5.31 | 417.2281 | 417.2277 | 1.0 | C24H32O6 | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ |
41 | cinobufaginol isomer | 5.42 | 459.2371 | 459.2383 | −2.6 | C26H34O7 | ++ | ++ | + | ++ |
42 | hellebrigenin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester | 5.48 | 701.3774 | 701.3762 | 1.7 | C37H56N4O9 | + | − | + | +++ |
43 | arenobufagin/hellebrigenin 3-O-pimeloyl arginine ester | 5.51 | 715.3908 | 715.3918 | −1.4 | C37H54N4O10 | − | − | − | ++ |
44 | hellebrigenin | 5.52 | 417.2276 | 417.2277 | −0.2 | C24H32O6 | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ |
45 | gamabufotalin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.58 | 687.3976 | 687.3969 | 1.0 | C36H54N4O9 | − | + | − | − |
46 | hellebrigenol 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.66 | 731.4214 | 731.4231 | −2.3 | C38H58N4O10 | + | − | + | ++ |
47 | 19-hydroxybufalin | 5.68 | 403.2494 | 403.2484 | 2.5 | C24H34O5 | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ |
48 | gamabufotalin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.76 | 687.3953 | 687.3969 | −1.9 | C36H54N4O9 | + | − | + | ++ |
49 | 5β-Hydroxyl-14α-artebufogenin | 5.78 | 401.2325 | 401.2328 | −0.7 | C24H32O5 | ++ | ++ | + | +++ |
50 | cinobufaginol | 5.80 | 459.2391 | 459.2383 | 1.7 | C26H34O7 | +++ | − | ++ | +++ |
51 | monohydroxylbufotalin | 5.81 | 461.2528 | 461.2539 | −2.4 | C26H36O7 | ++ | + | ++ | +++ |
52 | hellebrigenin/arenobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.88 | 729.4062 | 729.4075 | −1.8 | C38H56N4O10 | ++ | − | + | ++++ |
53 | unknown | 5.91 | 615.4006 | 615.4009 | −0.5 | C35H54N2O7 | − | ++ | − | − |
54 | gamabufotalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 5.92 | 715.4272 | 715.4282 | −1.4 | C38H58N4O9 | ++ | − | +++ | +++ |
55 | bufotalinin | 5.92 | 415.2113 | 415.2121 | −1.9 | C24H30O6 | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ |
56 | desacetylbufotalin | 6.00 | 403.2481 | 403.2484 | −0.7 | C24H34O5 | +++ | +++ | ++ | +++ |
57 | resibufaginol | 6.03 | 401.2324 | 401.2328 | −1.0 | C24H32O5 | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ |
58 | desacetylcinobufaginol | 6.03 | 417.2255 | 417.2277 | −5.3 | C24H32O6 | − | − | − | + |
59 | 19-oxo-cinobufotalin | 6.05 | 473.2178 | 473.2175 | 0.6 | C26H32O8 | +++ | − | ++ | +++ |
60 | bufotalinin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester | 6.11 | 727.3909 | 727.3918 | −1.2 | C38H54N4O10 | + | − | + | ++ |
61 | gamabufotalin 3-O-pimeloyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.12 | 701.4124 | 701.4126 | −0.3 | C37H56N4O9 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
62 | 1β-hydroxylcinobufagin | 6.12 | 459.2368 | 459.2383 | −3.3 | C26H34O7 | − | − | − | − |
63 | argentinogenin | 6.15 | 415.2115 | 415.2121 | −1.4 | C24H30O6 | ++ | + | + | ++ |
64 | 19-oxo-cinobufotalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester | 6.15 | 785.3965 | 785.3973 | −1.0 | C40H56N4O12 | + | − | − | +++ |
65 | bufalin 3-O-succinoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.16 | 643.3726 | 643.3707 | 3.0 | C34H50N4O8 | +++ | + | ++ | ++++ |
66 | 19-oxo-bufalin | 6.23 | 401.2323 | 401.2328 | −1.2 | C24H32O5 | +++ | +++ | ++ | +++ |
67 | unknown | 6.26 | 629.4162 | 629.4139 | 3.7 | C32H52N8O5 | − | ++++ | − | − |
68 | 19-oxo-cinobufotalin-3-suberate methylhistidine | 6.26 | 710.4012 | 710.4017 | −0.7 | C34H50N3O9 | − | +++ | − | − |
69 | gamabufotalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.30 | 715.4261 | 715.4282 | −2.9 | C38H58N4O9 | + | − | + | ++ |
70 | hellebrigenin/arenobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.34 | 729.4077 | 729.4075 | 0.3 | C38H56N4O10 | +++ | − | + | ++++ |
71 | cinobufaginol 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.38 | 771.4172 | 771.4180 | −1.0 | C40H58N4O11 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
72 | bufalin 3-O-glutaryl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.45 | 657.3846 | 657.3863 | −2.6 | C35H52N4O8 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
73 | telocinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester | 6.50 | 715.4296 | 715.4282 | 2.0 | C38H58N4O9 | ++ | − | ++ | ++++ |
74 | telocinobufagin | 6.52 | 403.2480 | 403.2484 | −1.0 | C24H34O5 | ++++ | ++ | +++ | ++++ |
75 | 12β-hydroxylcinobufagin | 6.57 | 459.2376 | 459.2383 | −1.5 | C26H34O7 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
76 | bufotalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-histidine or its isomer | 6.62 | 738.3953 | 738.3966 | −1.8 | C40H55N3O10 | − | + | − | − |
77 | resibufogenin 3-O-succinyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.66 | 641.3535 | 641.3550 | −2.3 | C34H48N4O8 | ++ | − | ++ | + |
78 | desacetylcinobufagin | 6.69 | 401.2325 | 401.2328 | −0.7 | C24H32O5 | +++ | + | ++ | +++ |
79 | bufotalin | 6.69 | 445.2589 | 445.2590 | −0.2 | C26H36O6 | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
80 | unknown | 6.74 | 627.3989 | 627.4009 | −3.2 | C36H54N2O7 | − | +++ | − | + |
81 | cinobufaginol 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.74 | 771.4191 | 771.4180 | 1.4 | C40H58N4O11 | ++ | − | + | ++++ |
82 | desacetylcinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.74 | 713.4122 | 713.4126 | −0.6 | C38H56N4O9 | + | − | +++ | +++ |
83 | cinobufagin 3-O-succinoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.76 | 699.3596 | 699.3605 | −1.3 | C36H50N4O10 | +++ | − | + | +++ |
84 | bufalin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester | 6.81 | 671.4021 | 671.4020 | 0.1 | C36H54N4O8 | ++ | − | + | ++++ |
85 | resibufagin | 6.82 | 399.2173 | 399.2171 | 0.5 | C24H30O5 | +++ | + | +++ | +++ |
86 | 19-oxo-cinobufagin | 6.89 | 457.2230 | 457.2226 | 0.9 | C26H32O7 | +++ | + | ++ | ++++ |
87 | resibufogenin 3-O-glutaryl arginine ester or its isomer | 6.92 | 655.3706 | 655.3707 | −0.2 | C35H50N4O8 | − | − | ++ | − |
88 | telocinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester isomer | 6.95 | 715.4286 | 715.4282 | 1.4 | C38H58N4O9 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
89 | 3-oxo-Δ4-resibufogenin | 6.98 | 381.2062 | 381.2066 | −1.0 | C24H28O4 | ++ | − | + | ++ |
90 | 3-keto-cinobufagin | 6.98 | 441.2273 | 441.2277 | −0.9 | C26H32O6 | ++ | − | + | ++ |
91 | cinobufotalin | 7.00 | 459.2381 | 459.2383 | −0.4 | C26H34O7 | ++++ | − | +++ | ++++ |
92 | marinobufagin | 7.00 | 401.2323 | 401.2328 | −1.2 | C24H32O5 | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++ |
93 | bufotalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-histidine or its isomer | 7.00 | 738.3961 | 738.3966 | −0.7 | C40H55N3O10 | − | ++ | − | − |
94 | bufalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.01 | 699.4313 | 699.4333 | −2.9 | C38H58N4O8 | − | − | − | + |
95 | unknown | 7.19 | 671.4271 | 627.4245 | 3.9 | C34H54N8O6 | − | ++++ | − | − |
96 | resibufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.07 | 711.3968 | 711.3969 | −0.1 | C38H54N4O9 | + | − | + | ++ |
97 | bufotalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-3-methyl histidine | 7.12 | 752.4113 | 752.4122 | −1.3 | C41H57N3O10 | − | ++ | − | + |
98 | 19-hydroxybufalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-histidine or its isomer | 7.14 | 680.3892 | 680.3911 | −2.8 | C38H53N3O8 | + | + | − | − |
99 | 19-oxo-cinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.14 | 769.4028 | 769.4024 | 0.5 | C40H56N4O11 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
100 | bufotalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.17 | 757.4387 | 757.4388 | −0.1 | C40H60N4O10 | ++ | − | ++ | +++ |
101 | 19-hydroxybufalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-3-methyl histidine or its isomer | 7.17 | 694.4036 | 694.4067 | −4.5 | C39H55N3O8 | − | + | − | − |
102 | bufalin 3-O-pimeloyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.19 | 685.4171 | 685.4176 | −0.7 | C37H56N4O8 | +++ | − | ++ | +++ |
103 | marinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.20 | 713.4130 | 713.4126 | 0.6 | C38H56N4O9 | + | − | + | ++ |
104 | resibufogenin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.27 | 669.3846 | 669.3863 | −2.5 | C36H52N4O8 | + | + | + | ++ |
105 | cinobufagin 3-O-adipoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.30 | 727.3907 | 727.3918 | −1.5 | C38H54N4O10 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
106 | marinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.38 | 713.4116 | 713.4126 | −1.4 | C38H56N4O9 | − | − | + | + |
107 | cinobufotalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester | 7.40 | 771.4157 | 771.4180 | −3.0 | C40H58N4O11 | + | − | − | ++ |
108 | 19-hydroxybufalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-histidine or its isomer | 7.45 | 680.3909 | 680.3911 | −0.3 | C38H53N3O8 | − | + | − | − |
109 | resibufogenin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.48 | 697.4169 | 697.4176 | −1.0 | C38H56N4O8 | + | − | + | ++ |
110 | bufalin | 7.55 | 387.2531 | 387.2535 | −1.0 | C24H34O4 | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ |
111 | 19-hydroxybufalin 3-O-suberoyl-L-3-methyl histidine or its isomer | 7.61 | 694.4064 | 694.4067 | −0.4 | C39H55N3O8 | − | ++ | − | ++ |
112 | bufalin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.62 | 699.4321 | 699.4333 | −1.7 | C38H58N4O8 | +++ | + | +++ | ++++ |
113 | resibufogenin 3-O-pimeloyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.67 | 683.4014 | 683.4020 | −0.9 | C37H54N4O8 | + | − | ++ | − |
114 | unknown | 7.64 | 613.4211 | 613.4217 | −1.0 | C36H56N2O6 | − | +++ | + | − |
115 | unknown | 7.69 | 597.3895 | 597.3804 | −1.5 | C35H52N2O6 | − | +++ | − | − |
116 | cinobufagin 3-O-pimeloyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.74 | 741.4074 | 741.4075 | −0.1 | C39H56N4O10 | ++ | − | + | +++ |
117 | hellebrigenin 3-O-hemisuberate | 7.85 | 573.3052 | 573.3064 | −2.1 | C32H44O9 | + | − | + | ++ |
118 | resibufogenin 3-O-suberoyl-L-1-methyl histidine or its isomer | 8.09 | 692.3909 | 692.3911 | −0.3 | C39H53N3O8 | ||||
119 | bufalin 3-O-sebacyl arginine ester or its isomer | 7.87 | 727.4630 | 727.4646 | −2.2 | C40H62N4O8 | ++ | − | + | ++ |
120 | resibufogenin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester or its isomer | 8.10 | 697.4158 | 697.4176 | −2.8 | C38H56N4O8 | ++ | − | +++ | +++ |
121 | unknown | 8.12 | 611.4075 | 611.4073 | 0.3 | C37H50N6O2 | − | ++++ | ++ | − |
122 | cinobufagin 3-O-suberoyl arginine ester | 8.14 | 755.4223 | 755.4231 | −1.1 | C40H58N4O10 | +++ | − | ++ | ++++ |
123 | gamabufotalin 3-O-hemisuberate | 8.16 | 559.3248 | 559.3271 | −4.1 | C32H46O8 | + | − | ++ | ++ |
124 | 22,23-Epoxyresibufogenin | 8.32 | 401.2332 | 401.2328 | 1.0 | C24H32O5 | ++ | − | + | + |
125 | cinobufagin | 8.33 | 443.2433 | 443.2434 | −0.2 | C26H34O6 | ++++ | + | +++ | ++++ |
126 | resibufogenin | 8.33 | 385.2377 | 385.2379 | −0.5 | C24H32O4 | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++ |
No. | Source | Content 1 (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CB | GB | BL | BF | RB | BF+CB+RB | CB+GB+BL+BF+RB | Total Proteins | ||
BgC-1 | Nantong, Jiangsu | 4.97 | 0.89 | 1.69 | 2.39 | 5.99 | 13.35 | 15.93 | 17.0 |
BgC-F2 | Haimen, Jiangsu | 2.94 | 0.38 | 1.15 | 1.75 | 4.80 | 9.49 | 11.02 | 11.5 |
BgC-3 | Xuzhou, Jiangsu | 3.52 | 0.62 | 1.45 | 1.61 | 1.80 | 6.93 | 9.00 | 11.8 |
BgC-4 | Rugao, Jiangsu | 4.28 | 0.82 | 1.05 | 1.57 | 1.36 | 7.21 | 9.08 | 11.6 |
BgC-5 | Shanxian, Shandong | 4.27 | 0.81 | 1.04 | 1.57 | 1.31 | 7.15 | 9.00 | 12.4 |
BgC-6 | Baoying, Jiangsu | 3.43 | 0.69 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 2.01 | 7.09 | 9.13 | 14.2 |
BgC-7 | Linyi, Shandong | 3.35 | 0.50 | 1.79 | 1.72 | 1.82 | 6.89 | 9.18 | 13.0 |
BgC-8 | Taicang, Jiangsu | 3.48 | 0.60 | 1.49 | 1.64 | 2.01 | 7.13 | 9.22 | 21.7 |
BgC-9 | Xianyang, Shanxi | 5.13 | 0.73 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 0.59 | 6.89 | 8.80 | 23.0 |
BgC-10 | Longnan, Gansu | 4.38 | 0.47 | 1.01 | 1.16 | 1.65 | 7.19 | 8.67 | 24.4 |
BgC-11 | Linyi, Shandong | 3.44 | 0.73 | 1.99 | 1.36 | 1.51 | 6.31 | 9.03 | 21.7 |
BgC-12 | Dezhou, Shandong | 4.25 | 0.80 | 2.15 | 1.42 | 0.74 | 6.41 | 9.36 | 23.5 |
BgC-13 | Linfen, Shanxi | 3.40 | 0.46 | 2.39 | 1.22 | 1.45 | 6.07 | 8.92 | 12.8 |
BgC-14 | Zhoukou, Henan | 2.23 | 0.51 | 1.38 | 1.58 | 2.45 | 6.26 | 8.15 | 6.9 |
BgC-15 | Ningbo, Zhejiang | 2.96 | 0.36 | 1.86 | 1.54 | 1.83 | 6.33 | 8.55 | 8.0 |
BgC-F16 | Linyi, Shandong | 4.85 | 0.86 | 1.41 | 1.64 | 2.50 | 8.99 | 11.26 | 15.6 |
BmS-F1 | Guilin, Guangxi | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 0.25 | 1.36 | 1.73 | 2.57 | 9.9 |
BmS-2 | Pingnan, Guangxi | - | 0.04 | 0.79 | 0.22 | 1.40 | 1.62 | 2.45 | 20.4 |
BmS-3 | Guilin, Guangxi | - | 0.02 | 1.37 | 0.20 | 1.43 | 1.63 | 3.02 | 16.7 |
BmS-4 | Guilin, Guangxi | - | 0.05 | 0.91 | 0.21 | 1.81 | 2.02 | 2.98 | 11.9 |
BmS-5 | Ganzhou, Jiangxi | - | 0.02 | 1.09 | 0.20 | 1.41 | 1.61 | 2.72 | 8.3 |
BmS-6 | Zhangzhou, Fujian | - | 0.02 | 2.26 | 0.22 | 1.64 | 1.86 | 4.14 | 11.8 |
BmS-7 | Wuyishan, Fujian | - | 0.03 | 1.12 | 0.23 | 1.69 | 1.92 | 3.07 | 4.8 |
BrS-1 | Yanji, Jilin | 0.47 | 4.19 | 0.89 | 1.10 | 8.03 | 9.60 | 14.68 | 13.7 |
BrS-2 | Wuchang, Heilongjiang | 0.55 | 3.70 | 0.78 | 1.06 | 7.12 | 8.73 | 13.21 | 12.9 |
BrS-3 | Huadian, Jilin | 0.80 | 3.61 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 7.81 | 9.61 | 13.90 | 10.1 |
BaS-F1 | Chengdu, Sichuan | 5.97 | 1.92 | 2.20 | 2.33 | 1.08 | 9.38 | 13.50 | 19.1 |
BaS-F2 | Yibin, Sichuan | 4.98 | 1.40 | 1.71 | 2.38 | 0.68 | 8.04 | 11.15 | 20.6 |
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Fang, Y.; Chen, L.; Wang, P.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Ma, Y.; Gao, H. Comprehensive Analysis of Bufadienolide and Protein Profiles of Gland Secretions from Medicinal Bufo Species. Toxins 2024, 16, 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030159
Fang Y, Chen L, Wang P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Ma Y, Gao H. Comprehensive Analysis of Bufadienolide and Protein Profiles of Gland Secretions from Medicinal Bufo Species. Toxins. 2024; 16(3):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030159
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Yunge, Liangmian Chen, Pengfei Wang, Yating Liu, Yuxiu Wang, Zhimin Wang, Yue Ma, and Huimin Gao. 2024. "Comprehensive Analysis of Bufadienolide and Protein Profiles of Gland Secretions from Medicinal Bufo Species" Toxins 16, no. 3: 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030159