The Mycotoxins T-2 and Deoxynivalenol Facilitate the Translocation of Streptococcus suis across Porcine Ileal Organoid Monolayers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Dose–Response of Organoids to DON and T-2 Toxin
2.2. DON and T-2 Do Not Inhibit Growth of S. suis
2.3. Effect of Conditioned Organoid Medium on Viability of S. suis
2.4. Permeability of the Cell Monolayer
2.5. Effects of Mycotoxins and S. suis on Transepithelial Electrical Resistance
2.6. Translocation of S. suis from the Apical to the Basal Compartment
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Chemicals and Culture Media
5.2. Bacterial Strain and Culture Condition
5.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of DON and T-2 on S. suis
5.4. Ileum Organoid Culture
5.5. Bacterial Viability after Exposure to Organoid Conditioned and Non-Conditioned Media
5.6. Cell Viability
5.7. Permeability Measurement (Non-Ionic)
5.8. Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (Ionic)
5.9. Bacterial Viability in the Apical and Bottom Compartments
5.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
AOAC | Association of Official Analytical Chemists |
EU | European Union |
LSD | Least significant difference |
CC1 | Clonal complex 1 |
CFU | Colony forming unit |
CLSI | Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute |
DMSO | Dimethylsulfoxide |
DON | Deoxynivalenol |
EFSA | European Food Safety Authority |
FITC-d | Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran |
HT-2 | HT-2 toxin |
HT-29-D4 | Clonal cell line derived from the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 |
IPEC-1 | Intestinal porcine epithelial cells 1 |
IPEC-J2 | Intestinal porcine epithelial cells J2 |
MIC | Minimum inhibitory concentration |
MOI | Multiplicity of infection |
PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
PepD | Aminoacyl histidine peptidase |
SEM | Standard error of the means |
SS2 | Streptococcus suis serotype 2 |
SS4 | Streptococcus suis serotype 4 |
T-2 | T-2 toxin |
TER | Transepithelial electrical resistance |
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MIC | |
---|---|
DON (up to 4 µM) | No |
T-2 (up to 4 µM) | No |
Amoxicillin (µg/mL) | 0.1 |
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Guan, X.; Martinez, A.R.; Fernandez, M.; Molist, F.; Wells, J.M.; Santos, R.R. The Mycotoxins T-2 and Deoxynivalenol Facilitate the Translocation of Streptococcus suis across Porcine Ileal Organoid Monolayers. Toxins 2024, 16, 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090382
Guan X, Martinez AR, Fernandez M, Molist F, Wells JM, Santos RR. The Mycotoxins T-2 and Deoxynivalenol Facilitate the Translocation of Streptococcus suis across Porcine Ileal Organoid Monolayers. Toxins. 2024; 16(9):382. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090382
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Xiaonan, Arabela R. Martinez, Marcela Fernandez, Francesc Molist, Jerry M. Wells, and Regiane R. Santos. 2024. "The Mycotoxins T-2 and Deoxynivalenol Facilitate the Translocation of Streptococcus suis across Porcine Ileal Organoid Monolayers" Toxins 16, no. 9: 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090382