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Article

Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injections Influence Stretching of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in an Animal Model

by
Patrick Haubruck
1,*,
Sandeep Mannava
2,3,
Johannes F. Plate
2,3,*,
Michael F. Callahan
2,
Walter F. Wiggins
2,3,
Gerhard Schmidmaier
1,
Christopher J. Tuohy
2,
Katherine R. Saul
4 and
Thomas L. Smith
2
1
UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Stiftung Orthopädische Universitätsklinik, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
2
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
3
The Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
4
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine and VT-WFU School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2012, 4(8), 605-619; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4080605
Submission received: 27 June 2012 / Revised: 9 August 2012 / Accepted: 10 August 2012 / Published: 13 August 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxins)
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Abstract

Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) injections have been used for the treatment of muscle contractures and spasticity. This study assessed the influence of (BoNT-A) injections on passive biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit. Mouse gastrocnemius muscle (GC) was injected with BoNT-A (n = 18) or normal saline (n = 18) and passive, non-destructive, in vivo load relaxation experimentation was performed to examine how the muscle-tendon unit behaves after chemical denervation with BoNT-A. Injection of BoNT-A impaired passive muscle recovery (15% vs. 35% recovery to pre-stretching baseline, p < 0.05) and decreased GC stiffness (0.531 ± 0.061 N/mm vs. 0.780 ± 0.037 N/mm, p < 0.05) compared to saline controls. The successful use of BoNT-A injections as an adjunct to physical therapy may be in part attributed to the disruption of the stretch reflex; thereby modulating in vivo passive muscle properties. However, it is also possible that BoNT-A injection may alter the structure of skeletal muscle; thus modulating the in vivo passive biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit.
Keywords: Botulinum Neurotoxin; spasticity treatment; muscle tone; passive muscle biomechanics Botulinum Neurotoxin; spasticity treatment; muscle tone; passive muscle biomechanics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Haubruck, P.; Mannava, S.; Plate, J.F.; Callahan, M.F.; Wiggins, W.F.; Schmidmaier, G.; Tuohy, C.J.; Saul, K.R.; Smith, T.L. Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injections Influence Stretching of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in an Animal Model. Toxins 2012, 4, 605-619. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4080605

AMA Style

Haubruck P, Mannava S, Plate JF, Callahan MF, Wiggins WF, Schmidmaier G, Tuohy CJ, Saul KR, Smith TL. Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injections Influence Stretching of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in an Animal Model. Toxins. 2012; 4(8):605-619. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4080605

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haubruck, Patrick, Sandeep Mannava, Johannes F. Plate, Michael F. Callahan, Walter F. Wiggins, Gerhard Schmidmaier, Christopher J. Tuohy, Katherine R. Saul, and Thomas L. Smith. 2012. "Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injections Influence Stretching of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in an Animal Model" Toxins 4, no. 8: 605-619. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4080605

APA Style

Haubruck, P., Mannava, S., Plate, J. F., Callahan, M. F., Wiggins, W. F., Schmidmaier, G., Tuohy, C. J., Saul, K. R., & Smith, T. L. (2012). Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injections Influence Stretching of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in an Animal Model. Toxins, 4(8), 605-619. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4080605

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