Evolution of the Cytolytic Pore-Forming Proteins (Actinoporins) in Sea Anemones
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Actinoporin Alignment and Tree Reconstruction
2.2. Functionally Important Residues
2.3. Selection Analyses
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Partial Transcriptome and Genome Sequencing and Assembly
4.2. Identification of Actinoporin and Actinoporin-Like Sequences
4.3. Evaluation of Functionally Important Residues
4.4. Selection Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Superfamily/Species | N | pl | MW (kDa) | (<H>) * | (<μH>) * | Net Charge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinioidea | 52 | |||||
Actinia equina | 4 | 9.47 | 21.6 | 0.424 | 0.337 | −2 |
Anemonia sulcata [44,45] | 2 | 9.50 | 21.7 | 0.424 | 0.337 | −2 |
Anthopleura elegantissima [46] | 2 | 8.63–8.64 | 21.2–21.3 | 0.443 | 0.207 | 2 |
Bunodosoma cavernata | 5 | 9.23–10.65 | 20.4–21.0 | 0.482 | 0.356 | 0 |
0.586 | 0.21 | 2 | ||||
Condylactis gigantea | 4 | 4.56–6.71 | 21.57–21.58 | 0.589 | 0.35 | −1 |
Entacmaea quadricolor | 2 | 5.87 | 21.8 | 0.472 | 0.309 | −3 |
Epiactis japonica | 6 | 4.86–9.38 | 21.4–25.2 | 0.494 | 0.122 | −2 |
0.58 | 0.336 | −3 | ||||
0.592 | 0.363 | −1 | ||||
0.42 | 0.361 | −4 | ||||
0.59 | 0.342 | −2 | ||||
0.474 | 0.396 | 1 | ||||
Epiactis prolifera | 2 | 8.00 | 21.5 | 0.614 | 0.366 | −2 |
Heteractis crispa [44] | 17 | 4.71–9.38 | 19.5–21.2 | 0.599 | 0.351 | −1 |
0.616 | 0.288 | −1 | ||||
0.567 | 0.327 | 2 | ||||
0.442 | 0.288 | −1 | ||||
Macrodactyla doreensis | 8 | 5.72–7.75 | 19.1–21.6 | 0.629 | 0.287 | 2 |
0.523 | 0.202 | −2 | ||||
0.398 | 0.249 | −1 | ||||
0.615 | 0.328 | −1 | ||||
Metridioidea | 37 | |||||
Andvakia discipulorum | 1 | 4.63 | 21.6 | 0.583 | 0.322 | −1 |
Bartholomea annulata | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Calliactis parasitica | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Diadumene lineata | 3 | 8.72 | 23.4 | 0.211 | 0.245 | −1 |
Exaiptasia pallida [47] | 10 | 9.45–10.26 | 21.7–23.0 | 0.64 | 0.268 | 1 |
0.605 | 0.383 | 3 | ||||
0.556 | 0.319 | −1 | ||||
Haloclava producta | 6 | 4.51–9.91 | 21.6–27.2 | 0.474 | 0.317 | −1 |
0.682 | 0.37 | 1 | ||||
Metridium senile | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
Sagartia elegans | 10 | 8.33–9.66 | 21.6–25.3 | 0.606 | 0.2 | −1 |
0.514 | 0.279 | 3 | ||||
0.533 | 0.28 | 2 | ||||
0.631 | 0.325 | 0 | ||||
Triactis producta | 2 | 8.56–9.7 | 21.1 | 0.424 | 0.386 | −1 |
Actinostoloidea | 1 | |||||
Stomphia coccinea | 1 | 9.12 | 18.4 | 0.481 | 0.312 | −1 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Macrander, J.; Daly, M. Evolution of the Cytolytic Pore-Forming Proteins (Actinoporins) in Sea Anemones. Toxins 2016, 8, 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120368
Macrander J, Daly M. Evolution of the Cytolytic Pore-Forming Proteins (Actinoporins) in Sea Anemones. Toxins. 2016; 8(12):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120368
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacrander, Jason, and Marymegan Daly. 2016. "Evolution of the Cytolytic Pore-Forming Proteins (Actinoporins) in Sea Anemones" Toxins 8, no. 12: 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120368