Next Article in Journal
Is the Insect World Overcoming the Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis?
Previous Article in Journal
Announcing the 2017 Toxins Travel Awards for Post-Doctoral Fellows and Ph.D. Students
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Toxins
Volume 9
Issue 1
10.3390/toxins9010038
toxins-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature

by
Michael W. Peck
1,*,
Theresa J. Smith
2,
Fabrizio Anniballi
3,
John W. Austin
4,
Luca Bano
5,
Marite Bradshaw
6,
Paula Cuervo
7,
Luisa W. Cheng
8,
Yagmur Derman
9,
Brigitte G. Dorner
10,
Audrey Fisher
11,
Karen K. Hill
12,
Suzanne R. Kalb
13,
Hannu Korkeala
9,
Miia Lindström
9,
Florigio Lista
14,
Carolina Lúquez
15,
Christelle Mazuet
16,
Marco Pirazzini
17,
Michel R. Popoff
16,
Ornella Rossetto
17,
Andreas Rummel
18,
Dorothea Sesardic
19,
Bal Ram Singh
20 and
Sandra C. Stringer
1add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Institute of Food Research, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
2
Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
3
National Reference Centre for Botulism, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome 299-00161, Italy
4
Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
5
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Treviso 31020, Italy
6
Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
7
Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Patología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 450001, Argentina
8
Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
9
Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
10
Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
11
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
12
Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
13
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
14
Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome 00184, Italy
15
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
16
Institut Pasteur, Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris 75015, France
17
Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
18
Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30623, Germany
19
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
20
Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2017, 9(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9010038
Submission received: 9 December 2016 / Revised: 4 January 2017 / Accepted: 7 January 2017 / Published: 18 January 2017
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Toxins)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Botulinum neurotoxins are diverse proteins. They are currently represented by at least seven serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. New clostridial strains that produce novel neurotoxin variants are being identified with increasing frequency, which presents challenges when organizing the nomenclature surrounding these neurotoxins. Worldwide, researchers are faced with the possibility that toxins having identical sequences may be given different designations or novel toxins having unique sequences may be given the same designations on publication. In order to minimize these problems, an ad hoc committee consisting of over 20 researchers in the field of botulinum neurotoxin research was convened to discuss the clarification of the issues involved in botulinum neurotoxin nomenclature. This publication presents a historical overview of the issues and provides guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin subtype nomenclature in the future.
Keywords: botulinum; botulism; neurotoxins; subtypes; Clostridium botulinum; guidelines; nomenclature botulinum; botulism; neurotoxins; subtypes; Clostridium botulinum; guidelines; nomenclature

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Peck, M.W.; Smith, T.J.; Anniballi, F.; Austin, J.W.; Bano, L.; Bradshaw, M.; Cuervo, P.; Cheng, L.W.; Derman, Y.; Dorner, B.G.; et al. Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature. Toxins 2017, 9, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9010038

AMA Style

Peck MW, Smith TJ, Anniballi F, Austin JW, Bano L, Bradshaw M, Cuervo P, Cheng LW, Derman Y, Dorner BG, et al. Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature. Toxins. 2017; 9(1):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9010038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peck, Michael W., Theresa J. Smith, Fabrizio Anniballi, John W. Austin, Luca Bano, Marite Bradshaw, Paula Cuervo, Luisa W. Cheng, Yagmur Derman, Brigitte G. Dorner, and et al. 2017. "Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature" Toxins 9, no. 1: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9010038

APA Style

Peck, M. W., Smith, T. J., Anniballi, F., Austin, J. W., Bano, L., Bradshaw, M., Cuervo, P., Cheng, L. W., Derman, Y., Dorner, B. G., Fisher, A., Hill, K. K., Kalb, S. R., Korkeala, H., Lindström, M., Lista, F., Lúquez, C., Mazuet, C., Pirazzini, M., ... Stringer, S. C. (2017). Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature. Toxins, 9(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9010038

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop