Rational PCR Reactor Design in Microfluidics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design Parameters for POC RT-qPCR
2.1. Sample to Answer Time (t)
2.2. Limit of Detection–Minimal Number of Copies per Volume (λ)
2.3. System Thermal Efficiency γ
3. Numerical Simulation
3.1. Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
3.2. Geometry and Dimensions
3.3. Solving Method
3.4. Results and Discussions
4. Candidate PCR Reactors in the Market or under Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Thermal Capacity (kJ/kg K) | Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solids | PMMA | 0.21 | 1202.9 | 1.46 | 1.19 × 10−7 | [32] |
PDMS | 0.15 | 970 | 1.46 | 1.06 × 10−7 | [33] | |
PC | 0.2 | 1226.7 | 1.22 | 1.34 × 10−7 | [32] | |
COC 8007 | Between 0.12 and 0.15 | 1020 | 1.2 | 1.17 × 10−7 | [34] | |
PP | 0.22 | 900 | 1.330 to 2.400 | 0.961 × 10−7 | [35] | |
Silicon | 148 (3.2 to 150) | 2330 | 0.712 | 9 × 10−5 | [36,37] | |
Teflon | 0.35 | 2200 | 0.97 | 1.64 × 10−7 | [36] | |
Glass | 1.4 | 2500 | 0.75 | 7.46 × 10−7 | [36] | |
Liquid | Water | 0.613 | 997 | 4.17 | 1.47 × 10−7 | [36] |
Oil | 0.131 | 837 | 1.67 | 7.85 × 10−8 | [36] |
Type of System | Device/Company | Time to Result | Characteristics | Thermal Contact Resistance | γ = Time/Volume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plate system, not an integrated system, up to 96 wells | NextGenPCR® MBS Molecular Biology Systems (Goes, The Netherlands) | 2 min without sample preparation |
| Low (squeezing pressure) | 2 min/20 µL = 0.1 |
Integrated POC system | Lex Diagnostics (Melbourn, UK) | Sample to answer of 5 min and thermal cycling time of less than 3 min |
| Very low (engineered permanent contact) | 3 min/5 µL = 0.6 With heater on both sides: 3 min/10 µL = 0.3 |
Plate system, not an integrated system, up to 96 wells | XXPress BJS Technologies (Duluth, GA, USA) | 10 min without sample preparation |
| Lowest (engineered permanent contact) | 10 min/40 µL = 0.4 |
Integrated POC system | Roche’s Cobas Liat (Basel, Switzerland) | 20 min with sample preparation, 12 min for PCR |
| Low (squeezing pressure) | 12 min/80 µL = 0.15 |
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Madadelahi, M.; Madou, M.J. Rational PCR Reactor Design in Microfluidics. Micromachines 2023, 14, 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14081533
Madadelahi M, Madou MJ. Rational PCR Reactor Design in Microfluidics. Micromachines. 2023; 14(8):1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14081533
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadadelahi, Masoud, and Marc J. Madou. 2023. "Rational PCR Reactor Design in Microfluidics" Micromachines 14, no. 8: 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14081533