Enhancing Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Separation with a Cost-Effective Microfluidic Device Fabricated by Laser Ablation of PMMA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Computational Modeling of Micro- and Nanoparticle Separation Dynamics
2.3. Solvers and Computational Simulation
2.4. Manufacture
2.5. Synthesis of Micro- and Nanoparticles of Magnetite
2.5.1. Silanization and Labeling of the Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
Silanization Process
Rhodamine B Labeling
Purification Process
2.5.2. Synthesis of Blue Carbon Dots
2.6. Experimental Separation Tests
2.6.1. Nanoparticle Separation
2.6.2. Microparticle Separation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Nanoparticle Separation
3.2. Microparticle Separation
3.3. Microparticle Sedimentation in Microchannels
3.4. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Purity | Supplier | Location |
---|---|---|---|
N-[3-Dimethylamino-propyl]-N’-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) | 98% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate | 98% | Alfa Aesar | Haverhill, MA, USA |
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate | 97% | Panreac AppliChem | Barcelona, Spain |
N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) | 98% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
(3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) | 99% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (TMAH) | ≥97% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Rhodamine B | >95% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Citric acid | 99% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Urea | 99% | Sigma-Aldrich | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 99.9% | Merck | St. Louis, MO, USA |
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheets | - | Local distributors | Bogotá, Colombia |
Material | Quantity | Cost per Unit/mL (USD) | Total Cost (USD) |
---|---|---|---|
Microfluidic connectors | 3 | USD 0.03 | USD 0.09 |
PMMA Sheets (7.5 cm × 2 cm × 2 mm) | 1 | - | USD 0.19 |
PMMA Sheets (7.5 cm × 2 cm × 3 mm) | 1 | - | USD 0.28 |
UHU glue | 1.5 mL | USD 0.087 | USD 0.13 |
70% v/v Ethanol | 10 mL | USD 0.002 | USD 0.02 |
96% v/v Ethanol | 2 mL | USD 0.015 | USD 0.03 |
Total cost | USD 0.74 |
Study | Our Work | [65] | [66] | [67] | [68] | [69] | [70] | [71] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Channel Geometry | T-shaped | Spiral-shaped, Y-shaped (magnetic section) | Wave | Lineal | Y-shaped | Y-shaped | Y-shaped | |
Material | PMMA | PDMS | PDMS | PDMS | PDMS | PDMS | PDMS | PDMS |
Fabrication technique | CO2 laser | Soft lithography | Soft photolithography | Soft lithography | Soft lithography | Soft lithography | Soft lithography | Soft lithography |
Depth | 1 mm | - | - | 20–100 µm | 0.1 mm | - | 900 µm | 100 µm |
Size microfluidic channel | 1 mm | 30 µm in thickness | 400 µm in width | 1–3 mm in width | 0.5 mm in width | 52 µm in thickness | 900 µm in width | <250 µm in width |
Cross section | Gaussian | Rectangular | Rectangular | Rectangular | Rectangular | Rectangular | Rectangular | Multichannel |
Flow rate | 2–200 mL/h | 0.3 µL/min–0.7 µL/min | 600–1200 µL/min | - | 0.5–2 mL/h | 0.5–8 µL/min | 3–10 µL/min | - |
Cost per chip | USD 0.74 | >1 USD | >1 USD | >1 USD | >1 USD | >1 USD | >1 USD | >1 USD |
Fabrication time | 30 min | >1 h | 2 h 24 min | >1 h | 4 h | >1 h | >1 h | >1 h |
Separation efficiency | 93.31% ± 5.63% | 88.79–97.36% | 93–95% | 96.49–98.72% | 75–100% | 80–86% | 97–99% | 50–100% |
Particle size | 20 nm–2 µm | 0.2–1 µm | 7.5–8.7 µm | 10 µm | - | 5.8 µm and 15.7 µm | 2–16 µm | 5–18 µm |
Application | Micro- and nanoparticle purification | Separation and purification of the biological samples of nanometer size | Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolation from a blood sample | Magnetophoretic separation of cells | Cell sorting | Cell separation | Cell sorting | Multi-target separation |
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Rodríguez, C.F.; Guzmán-Sastoque, P.; Muñoz-Camargo, C.; Reyes, L.H.; Osma, J.F.; Cruz, J.C. Enhancing Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Separation with a Cost-Effective Microfluidic Device Fabricated by Laser Ablation of PMMA. Micromachines 2024, 15, 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081057
Rodríguez CF, Guzmán-Sastoque P, Muñoz-Camargo C, Reyes LH, Osma JF, Cruz JC. Enhancing Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Separation with a Cost-Effective Microfluidic Device Fabricated by Laser Ablation of PMMA. Micromachines. 2024; 15(8):1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081057
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez, Cristian F., Paula Guzmán-Sastoque, Carolina Muñoz-Camargo, Luis H. Reyes, Johann F. Osma, and Juan C. Cruz. 2024. "Enhancing Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Separation with a Cost-Effective Microfluidic Device Fabricated by Laser Ablation of PMMA" Micromachines 15, no. 8: 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081057