Effects of Environmental Gas and Trace Water on the Friction of DLC Sliding with Metals †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. a-C:H Hydrogenated DLC
3.2. ta-C hydrogen Free DLC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The effect of trace water on friction of two types of DLCs in hydrogen was different from that in nitrogen and argon. Trace water of several tens of ppm slightly increases friction in hydrogen, but it decreases the coefficient of friction in nitrogen and argon, particularly with a-C:H DLC.
- (2)
- In hydrogen, both DLCs form transfer films of structured amorphous carbon on the aluminum pin by sliding. The transfer films were formed with and without trace water, and FT-IR spectra indicated that they did not contain oxygen. However, no clear difference in the graphitic structure could be identified by Raman spectroscopy in this study.
- (3)
- In the inert gases of nitrogen and argon with no trace water, no carbon transfer film was formed, which resulted in very high friction. In the sliding between a-C:H DLC and aluminum, trace water of concentrations of 60 ppm and 120 ppm caused a gradual decrease in friction by the formation of carbon transfer films. The transfer films contained CH and OH bonds in nitrogen, and CH, OH, C–O–C, and C–OH bonds in argon.
- (4)
- In nitrogen and argon, ta-C DLC showed friction as high as 0.8 and severe wear with and without trace water, although the carbon transfer films with CH, OH, C–O–C, and C–OH bonds were formed with 45 ppm and 120 ppm water.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types of DLC | a-C:H DLC | ta-C DLC |
---|---|---|
Hydrogen concentration, atm% | 30–40 | 0–5 |
Vickers hardness, HV (with 10 mN load) | 1200–1500 | 2000–2300 |
Surface roughness Ra, μm | 0.003 | 0.02 |
Gas | Water | Wavenumbers and Structures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3400 | 3300 | 2960, 2870 | 2920, 2840 | 1610–1640 | 1540 | 1410–1420 | 1150–1275 | 1000–1100 | 800–920 | ||
OH | NH | CH3 | CH2 | C=C | NH | =CH | C–O–C | C–OH | C–O–C | ||
H2 | 0 ppm | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × |
60 ppm | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
160 ppm | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
N2 | 0 ppm | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
60 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | |
120 ppm | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | × | × | |
Ar | 1 ppm | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
60 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |
120 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Gas | Water | Wavenumbers and Structures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3400 | 3300 | 2960, 2870 | 2920, 2840 | 1610–1640 | 1540 | 1410–1420 | 1150–1275 | 1000-1100 | 800–920 | ||
OH | NH | CH3 | CH2 | C=C | NH | =CH | C–O–C | C–OH | C–O–C | ||
H2 | 0 ppm | × | × | × | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × |
45 ppm | × | × | ○ | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
120 ppm | × | × | ○ | ○ | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
N2 | 0 ppm | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
45 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | x | ○ | |
100 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | x | ○ | |
Ar | 0 ppm | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
45 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | × | × | ○ | |
120 ppm | ○ | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | × | ○ | × | ○ | ○ |
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Kurahashi, Y.; Tanaka, H.; Terayama, M.; Sugimura, J. Effects of Environmental Gas and Trace Water on the Friction of DLC Sliding with Metals. Micromachines 2017, 8, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8070217
Kurahashi Y, Tanaka H, Terayama M, Sugimura J. Effects of Environmental Gas and Trace Water on the Friction of DLC Sliding with Metals. Micromachines. 2017; 8(7):217. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8070217
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurahashi, Yoshihiro, Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Masaya Terayama, and Joichi Sugimura. 2017. "Effects of Environmental Gas and Trace Water on the Friction of DLC Sliding with Metals" Micromachines 8, no. 7: 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8070217