Engineering of Removing Sacrificial Materials in 3D-Printed Microfluidics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Fabrication of 3D-Printed Microfluidic Chips
2.3. Four Methods to Remove Outer Sacrificial Materials
2.4. Inner Sacrificial Materials Removal with Three Removers
2.5. Inner Sacrificial Materials Removal under Different Temperatures
2.6. Inner Sacrificial Materials Removal under Different Times
2.7. Sacrificial Materials Removal from Microfluidic Chips with Different Cross-Sections
2.8. Gray Scale Value Extracting
2.9. Data Analysis and Statistics
2.10. Characterization
3. Results
3.1. 3D-Printed Microfluidic Chips
3.2. Outer Sacrificial Materials Removing
3.3. Removing Inner Sacrificial Materials with Different Removers
3.4. Removing Inner Sacrificial Materials with Different Temperatures
3.5. Removing Inner Sacrificial Materials with Different Times
3.6. Removing Sacrificial Materials with Different Cross-Sections
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kitson, P.J.; Rosnes, M.H.; Sans, V.; Dragone, V.; Cronin, L. Configurable 3D-printed millifluidic and microfluidic ‘lab on a chip’ reactionware devices. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 3267–3271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Au, A.K.; Bhattacharjee, N.; Horowitz, L.F.; Chang, T.C.; Folch, A. 3D-printed microfluidic automation. Lab Chip 2015, 15, 1934–1941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ho, C.M.B.; Sum Huan, N.; Li, K.H.H.; Yoon, Y.J. 3D printed microfluidics for biological applications. Lab Chip 2015, 15, 3627–3637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yazdi, A.A.; Popma, A.; Wong, W.; Tammy, N.; Pan, Y.; Xu, J. 3D printing: An emerging tool for novel microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2016, 20, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhattacharjee, N.; Urrios, A.; Kang, S.; Folch, A. The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 1720–1742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- He, Y.; Wu, Y.; Fu, J.Z.; Gao, Q.; Qiu, J.J. Developments of 3D printing microfluidics and applications in chemistry and biology: A review. Electroanalysis 2016, 28, 1658–1678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amin, R.; Knowlton, S.; Hart, A.; Yenilmez, B.; Ghaderinezhad, F.; Katebifar, S.; Messina, M.; Khademhosseini, A.; Tasoglu, S. 3D-printed microfluidic devices. Biofabrication 2016, 8, 022001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.M.; Zhang, M.; Yeong, W.Y. Characterization and evaluation of 3D printed microfluidic chip for cell processing. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2016, 20, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, K.B.; Lockwood, S.Y.; Martin, R.S.; Spence, D.M. A 3D printed fluidic device that enables integrated features. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 5622–5626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Au, A.K.; Huynh, W.; Horowitz, L.F.; Folch, A. 3D-printed microfluidics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 3862–3881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, W.; Kwon, D.; Choi, W.; Jung, G.Y.; Au, A.K.; Folch, A.; Jeon, S. 3D-printed microfluidic device for the detection of pathogenic bacteria using size-based separation in helical channel with trapezoid cross-section. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 7717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kotz, F.; Arnold, K.; Bauer, W.; Schild, D.; Keller, N.; Sachsenheimer, K.; Nargang, T.M.; Richter, C.; Helmer, D.; Rapp, B.E. Three-dimensional printing of transparent fused silica glass. Nature 2017, 544, 337–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Comina, G.; Suska, A.; Filippini, D. PDMS lab-on-a-chip fabrication using 3D printed templates. Lab Chip 2014, 14, 424–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gong, H.; Woolley, A.T.; Nordin, G.P. High density 3D printed microfluidic valves, pumps, and multiplexers. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 2450–2458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, C.; Mehl, B.T.; Munshi, A.S.; Townsend, A.D.; Spence, D.M.; Martin, R.S. 3D-printed microfluidic devices: Fabrication, advantages and limitations-a mini review. Anal. Methods 2016, 8, 6005–6012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kamei, K.-I.; Mashimo, Y.; Koyama, Y.; Fockenberg, C.; Nakashima, M.; Nakajima, M.; Li, J.; Chen, Y. 3D printing of soft lithography mold for rapid production of polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic devices for cell stimulation with concentration gradients. Biomed. Microdevices 2015, 17, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Symes, M.D.; Kitson, P.J.; Yan, J.; Richmond, C.J.; Cooper, G.J.T.; Bowman, R.W.; Vilbrandt, T.; Cronin, L. Integrated 3D-printed reactionware for chemical synthesis and analysis. Nat. Chem. 2012, 4, 349–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sochol, R.D.; Sweet, E.; Glick, C.C.; Venkatesh, S.; Avetisyan, A.; Ekman, K.F.; Raulinaitis, A.; Tsai, A.; Wienkers, A.; Korner, K. 3D printed microfluidic circuitry via multijet-based additive manufacturing. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 668–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Chen, F.; He, Z.; Ma, Y.; Uchiyama, K.; Lin, J.M. A novel approach for precisely controlled multiple cell patterning in microfluidic chips by inkjet printing and the detection of drug metabolism and diffusion. Analyst 2016, 141, 2940–2947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, F.; Lin, L.; Zhang, J.; He, Z.; Uchiyama, K.; Lin, J.M. Single-cell analysis using drop-on-demand inkjet printing and probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 4354–4360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dixon, C.; Lamanna, J.; Wheeler, A.R. Printed microfluidics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1604824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capel, A.J.; Edmondson, S.; Christie, S.D.R.; Goodridge, R.D.; Bibb, R.J.; Thurstans, M. Design and additive manufacture for flow chemistry. Lab Chip 2013, 13, 4583–4590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gross, B.C.; Erkal, J.L.; Lockwood, S.Y.; Chen, C.; Spence, D.M. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 3240–3253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Au, A.K.; Lee, W.; Folch, A. Mail-order microfluidics: Evaluation of stereolithography for the production of microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2014, 14, 1294–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Habhab, M.-B.; Ismail, T.; Lo, J. A laminar flow-based microfluidic tesla pump via lithography enabled 3D printing. Sensors 2016, 16, 1970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gauvin, R.; Chen, Y.C.; Lee, J.W.; Soman, P.; Zorlutuna, P.; Nichol, J.W.; Bae, H.; Chen, S.; Khademhosseini, A. Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 3824–3834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Macdonald, N.P.; Cabot, J.M.; Smejkal, P.; Guijt, R.M.; Paull, B.; Breadmore, M.C. Comparing microfluidic performance of three-dimensional (3D) printing platforms. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 3858–3866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kinstlinger, I.S.; Miller, J.S. 3D-printed fluidic networks as vasculature for engineered tissue. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 2025–2043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shallan, A.I.; Smejkal, P.; Corban, M.; Guijt, R.M.; Breadmore, M.C. Cost-effective three-dimensional printing of visibly transparent microchips within minutes. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 3124–3130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hou, X.; Zhang, Y.S.; Santiago, G.T.-D.; Alvarez, M.M.; Ribas, J.; Jonas, S.J.; Weiss, P.S.; Andrews, A.M.; Aizenberg, J.; Khademhosseini, A. Interplay between materials and microfluidics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 17016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.; Lim, J.C.; Liu, Y.; Qi, X.; Yap, Y.L.; Dikshit, V.; Yeong, W.Y.; Wei, J. Performance evaluation of projet multi-material jetting 3D printer. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 2017, 12, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yin, P.; Hu, B.; Yi, L.; Xiao, C.; Cao, X.; Zhao, L.; Shi, H. Engineering of Removing Sacrificial Materials in 3D-Printed Microfluidics. Micromachines 2018, 9, 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9070327
Yin P, Hu B, Yi L, Xiao C, Cao X, Zhao L, Shi H. Engineering of Removing Sacrificial Materials in 3D-Printed Microfluidics. Micromachines. 2018; 9(7):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9070327
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Pengju, Bo Hu, Langlang Yi, Chun Xiao, Xu Cao, Lei Zhao, and Hongyan Shi. 2018. "Engineering of Removing Sacrificial Materials in 3D-Printed Microfluidics" Micromachines 9, no. 7: 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9070327