The Biological Crystals in Chamid Bivalve Shells: Diversity in Morphology and Crystal Arrangement Pattern
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- An in-depth characterisation of the different shell, ornamentation, and myostracal microstructures and textures for two Chama species;
- (ii)
- Juxtaposes these;
- (iii)
- Indicates the crystal growth mechanisms for the different shell layers;
- (iv)
- Our study highlights, in particular, structural characteristics of the myostracal valve sections, including pallial and adductor myostraca. While the microstructure and texture of pedal and adductor myostraca are investigated by now with EBSD (for Glycymeris species [7]), the measured pattern of crystal organisation for the pallial myostracum has not been reported yet. The latter is performed in this study;
- (v)
- Myostracal pillars are prominent structures for Chamidae [5]. We characterise the microstructure and texture of these and trace them from the pallial myostracum to the inner shell surfaces.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Sample Preparation for Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) Measurements, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Laser Confocal Microscope Imaging
2.2.2. Secondary Electron (SE), Backscatter Electron (BSE) Imaging, and Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) Measurements
2.3. Terminology
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. The Microstructures, Textures, and Changeover between Different Crystal Assemblies
4.2. Ornamentation Morphology and Crystallography
4.3. Microstructural Anomalies
- Myostracal pillars or the complex crossed-lamellar layer along the inner shell surface
- 2.
- Formation of single crystal-like units in the crossed-lamellar layer
5. Conclusions
- For C. arcana and C. gryphoides, five distinct microstructures can be observed. From the outer to the inner shell surface, these microstructures are Prismatic calcite (only in the ornamentations of C. arcana), complex crossed-lamellar-type aragonite (only in the ornamentations of C. gryphoides), and crossed-lamellar, myostracal, and complex crossed-lamellar aragonite;
- Depending on the type of muscle attachment, myostracal microstructures may appear as thick patches (adductor), as a thin and hollow hemisphere (pallial), or as pillars arising from the pallial myostracum;
- In some, but not all, shells of C. arcana, myostracal pillars traverse the inner complex crossed-lamellar layer. They have a spherulite-resembling shape comprising large aragonite prisms that grow continuously from the pallial myostracum and, most probably, follow a competitive growth mechanism;
- Myostracal pillars adapt to the texture of the pallial myostracum. Muscular detachment and reattachment can cause myostracal pillars to be interrupted by sheets of complex crossed-lamellar shell material. With further growth of the shell, the competitive growth mechanism restarts and assumes at first the texture of the preceding (in this case, complex crossed-lamellar) layer;
- The pallial and adductor myostraca follow a competitive growth mechanism. The crystal orientation pattern of the crossed-lamellar layer is transmitted onto the myostracum and onto the complex crossed-lamellar layer. The changeover region from crossed-lamellar to myostracal layers in C. arcana shells features large (up to 100 μm), single-crystal-like crystals with irregular morphologies twinned along one or few boundaries. These crystals were not yet observed in crossed-lamellar layers, and their origin and growth mechanism are not known yet;
- Ornamentations in chamid bivalves may be either calcitic or aragonitic. Calcitic ornamentations (e.g., in C. arcana) comprise a prismatic microstructure of large (up to 200 μm in diameter) crystals that have their c-axes oriented perpendicular to the outer shell surface defined by the periostracum. The aragonitic ornamentations in C. gryphoides comprise a complex crossed-lamellar-type microstructure that resembles the inner layer featuring first-order-lamellar blocks that comprise small third-order lamellae;
- The crystal orientation pattern is transmitted at the changeover from the aragonitic ornamentation to the crossed-lamellar shell in C. gryphoides. Since the textures of the complex crossed-lamellar-type ornamentation (axial) and of the crossed-lamellar layer (3D “single-crystal-like”) are different, the crystal orientation pattern is lost a few μm after the interface;
- The changeover from the calcitic ornamentation to the crossed-lamellar layer in C. arcana is sharp and features an organic-rich aragonite sheet that might be needed to mediate the biologically controlled growth of the crossed-lamellar layer and to connect the two layers;
- The serrated interface between calcitic ornamentations and the aragonitic crossed-lamellar layer in C. arcana exposes some regular (104) growth faces of calcite, resembling the morphology of idiomorphic crystals. As indicated by the disordered crystal arrangement and substructured, irregular units, the crystal growth mechanism of the calcitic ornamentation seems to be predominantly physical.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hoerl, S.; Griesshaber, E.; Checa, A.G.; Schmahl, W.W. The Biological Crystals in Chamid Bivalve Shells: Diversity in Morphology and Crystal Arrangement Pattern. Crystals 2024, 14, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14070649
Hoerl S, Griesshaber E, Checa AG, Schmahl WW. The Biological Crystals in Chamid Bivalve Shells: Diversity in Morphology and Crystal Arrangement Pattern. Crystals. 2024; 14(7):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14070649
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoerl, Sebastian, Erika Griesshaber, Antonio G. Checa, and Wolfgang W. Schmahl. 2024. "The Biological Crystals in Chamid Bivalve Shells: Diversity in Morphology and Crystal Arrangement Pattern" Crystals 14, no. 7: 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14070649