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Article

Isomorphous Crystals from Diynes and Bromodiynes Involved in Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds

by
Pierre Baillargeon
1,*,
Édouard Caron-Duval
1,
Émilie Pellerin
1,
Simon Gagné
1 and
Yves L. Dory
2,*
1
Département de chimie, Cégep de Sherbrooke, 475 rue du Cégep, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K1, Canada
2
Laboratoire de synthèse supramoléculaire, Département de chimie, Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2016, 6(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst6040037
Submission received: 4 February 2016 / Revised: 24 March 2016 / Accepted: 24 March 2016 / Published: 2 April 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Hydrogen Bonds in Crystals)
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Abstract

:
Isomorphous crystals of two diacetylene derivatives with carbamate functionality (BocNH-CH2-diyne-X, where X = H or Br) have been obtained. The main feature of these structures is the original 2D arrangement (as supramolecular sheets or walls) in which the H bond and halogen bond have a prominent effect on the whole architecture. The two diacetylene compounds harbor neighboring carbamate (Boc protected amine) and conjugated alkyne functionalities. They differ only by the nature of the atom located at the penultimate position of the diyne moiety, either a hydrogen atom or a bromine atom. Both of them adopt very similar 2D wall organizations with antiparallel carbamates (as in antiparallel beta pleated sheets). Additional weak interactions inside the same walls between molecular bricks are H bond interactions (diyne-H···O=C) or halogen bond interactions (diyne-Br···O=C), respectively. Based on crystallographic atom coordinates, DFT (B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)) and DFT (M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p)) calculations were performed on these isostructural crystals to gain insight into the intermolecular interactions.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

One of the important scientific issues today involves the development of materials with controlled hierarchical structures organized in different sizes, especially at the nanoscopic scale [1]. Scientists exploit supramolecular chemistry (bottom-up strategy) to achieve this goal and control the organization of molecules into diverse 1D [2,3,4], 2D [5,6,7,8,9] or 3D shapes [10,11,12]. Owing to their directional potential, hydrogen bond [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23] or halogen bond [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] are intermolecular forces that are often used to stick molecular building blocks together. Recently, in our laboratories, we exploited mainly H bonds to build supramolecular walls based on lactams [37] or proline derivatives [38].
Since isostructurality (isomorphism) is a successful approach adopted in the construction of organic assemblies [39,40,41,42], we decided to investigate if hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds could be used with similar results. We now present 2D layered isostructural crystals of two diacetylene derivatives (Figure 1) that are stabilized with hydrogen or halogen bonds. One of the main interests of these crystals is that they differ only by a diyne C–H···O=C or C–Br···O=C interaction. For this reason, it became very easy to isolate and compare these geometric arrangements since their environments are identical. The hydrogen bonds could be compared to the isosteric halogen bonds using DFT calculations based on X-ray atomic coordinates. Better knowledge of the behavior of these interactions could bring additional tools in crystal engineering and in material design, as well as for efficient and fruitful drug design. Indeed, terminal alkynes [43,44] and haloalkynes [45,46,47] are biologically important classes of molecules.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

Both isosteric compounds 1 and 2 were obtained in a straightforward and efficient manner from commercially available N-Boc-propargylamine 3 and ethynyltrimethyl silane 4 (Scheme 1). These two reactants were coupled together with Hay catalyst [48] to yield the diyne 5 with a yield of 55%, easily separated from two symmetrical reaction byproducts 6 and 7. The trimethyl silyl group of 5 was either cleaved with potassium carbonate to give the first target diyne 1 (60% yield) or it was replaced by a bromine atom to afford the other desired compound 2 with a yield of 30%. This was achieved with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of silver nitrate. In the process, some diyne 1 was also obtained (14%).

2.2. Crystallographic Studies

Crystals of both diynes 1 and 2 are isostructural. Their unit cells are very similar, being slightly larger for bromide 2 (Table 1). The replacement of a hydrogen atom in 1 by a bromine atom in 2 leads to an increase in density. The ab planes of the crystal structures (Figure 2) are constituted of molecular walls whose bricks are maintained by weak forces like hydrogen bonds (alkyne 1, Figure 2a) or a combination of hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds (bromoalkyne 2, Figure 2b). For both crystals, the carbamates stack on top of each other along the b-axis and in an antiparallel way through NH···OC hydrogen bonds (the NH···OC hydrogen bond distances are very similar, being 2.054 Å and 2.088 Å for 1 and 2, respectively). Consequently, the rigid diyne arms stick out from each side of the 1D carbamate tapes in an alternate manner. Their constitutive atoms also lay almost in the same ab plane. As an additional proof of isostericity, the b side of both unit cells displays almost identical length (b = 9.3135 Å for 1 and b = 9.2090 Å for 2).
Looking along the b-axis (Figure 3, top views of the supramolecular walls), there is no significant difference either. The repetitive unit along the c-axis is just a little bit longer in 2 (c = 12.274 Å) by comparison with 1 (c = 11.898 Å). All walls have opposite carbonyl orientation. The main difference between crystals 1 and 2 may be seen along the a-axis. It is a direct consequence of the replacement of an H atom by a Br atom. The C-Br bond being longer (1.800 Å) than the C-H bond (0.951 Å) leads to longer a side for the unit cell in 2 (a = 10.4435 Å) by comparison with 1 (a = 9.3613 Å). The elongation effect arises also from major differences existing between the non-conventional C–H···O=C hydrogen bond [49] length (2.343 Å) and the C–Br···O=C halogen bond length (3.060 Å). In fact, this latter distance is 9% shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of Br and O [50,51,52], strongly suggesting that there is more at stake than a simple van der Waals contact between the two heteroatoms. This is also supported by the alignment of the four atoms C–Br···O=C matching that of the C–H···O=C atoms involved in a hydrogen bond [53]. Few examples of such halogen bonds are reported in the Cambridge Structural Database [26,54,55,56].
Finally, for both crystals, slow degradation occurs over time at room temperature and in ambient atmosphere. At this moment, it this difficult to conclude what the “degradation” products might be. Although single-crystal-to-single-crystal dimerization has been observed in other bromodiacetylene derivatives, this process is very unlikely in the case of 1 and 2 [57]. Indeed, their geometric arrangements are inappropriate for this type of reaction. The diyne systems are parallel as requested; nevertheless, the angle of the reactive carbons and mostly their distance separations are not favorable, being distorted and much too long, respectively (Figure 4). Topochemical polymerization of diacetylene is also prevented because there is no long range parallel stacking of diynes [58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67].

2.3. Computational Studies

In order to gain more insight into the energetics at stake in the crystals of 1 and 2, a DFT study was carried out on simplified models 8-8-9 and 8-8-10 of these crystals (Figure 5) [68,69,70,71].
Thus, both starting geometries are constituted of two N,O-dimethylcarbamate molecules 8, interacting with each other through a hydrogen bond. In each case, the carbamate carbonyl oxygen already involved in the hydrogen bond is also bound, via a bifurcated non-covalent bond [72], to the terminal atom of a simple diyne, either penta-1,3-diyne 9 (extracted from crystal of 1) or 1-bromopenta-1,3-diyne 10 (extracted from crystal of 2). This apparent oversimplification is justified by our desire to “isolate” the energy stored in the hydrogen and halogen bonds present in these crystals. Therefore, all atoms purely involved in these weak interactions were retained while the others were discarded. Without the crystal lattice constraint, calculations could obviously yield extremely different final structures, especially in the current cases. Indeed, the potential energy surface (PES) involving weak interactions is known to be shallow [73]. This means that important geometrical variations of distances and angles between H-bond and halogen bond partners may result in minute energy changes (e.g., <0.2 kcal·mol−1). Nevertheless, it is still possible to gauge if the systems 8-8-9 and 8-8-10 are near a minimum on the PES by not being too stringent on the first derivative (maximum energy gradient) requirements during calculations.
Two DFT methods were applied to study these systems, namely the widely used B3LYP functional as well as the M06-2X method known to be more suitable to treat weak interactions and peptides [74,75]. The B3LYP minimizations led to RMSDs as small as 0.16 Å and 0.34 Å for the 8-8-9 and 8-8-10 systems, respectively. The RMSD figures were similar for the M06-2X method: 0.39 Å and 0.37 Å for the same systems (Figure 6). The distances between weak interaction partners (excluding van der Waals) remain close before and after calculations (distance CO×××HN of 2.93 Å, 3.03–3.02 Å, 2.98–2.95 Å in crystals 1 and 2, B3LYP, M06-2X DFT calculations, respectively; distance CO×××HCCCC of 3.29 Å, 3.34 Å, 3.22 Å in crystal 1, B3LYP, M06-2X DFT calculations, respectively; distance CO×××BrCCCC of 3.06 Å, 3.10 Å, 2.95 Å in crystal 2, B3LYP, M06-2X DFT calculations, respectively). With these good matches between initial and equilibrium structures [76], it was then possible to convincingly evaluate, or at least rank, the strength of the weak hydrogen and halogen bonding interactions, partially responsible for the orientations of the monomers 1 and 2 in their respective crystals (Table 2).
Examination of the energy figures obtained after DFT minimization shows that hydrogen or halogen bonds are consistently much weaker following the B3LYP method, in comparison with the M06-2X protocol. For example, B3LYP DFT minimizations yield an energy of −5.36 kcal·mol−1 for the hydrogen bond between carbamate NH (donor) and carbamate CO (acceptor) as shown in Figure 6 (E_8-8 − 2 × E_8, meaning Energy of system 8-8 minus twice the Energy of 8 as reported in Table 2). At the M06-2X level, the same hydrogen bond is even stronger with an energy of −7.16 kcal·mol−1. The corresponding input coordinates of 8-8 (before its minimization) had been obtained from the minimized full systems 8-8-9 and 8-8-10. It was finally possible to estimate the strength of the hydrogen bond between the alkyne hydrogen and the carbamate carbonyl by deducting the energies of system 8-8 and free diyne 9 to the energy of 8-8-9 (E_8-8-9 − E_8-8 − E_9). The strength of the halogen bond between the carbamate CO of 8 and the terminal bromine atom from bromodiyne 10 was evaluated in the same way (E_8-8-10 − E_8-8 – E_10).
Amazingly, both weak interactions involving alkyne hydrogen and alkyne bromine with a carbamate CO are very much comparable (same energy range), being weaker than a conventional hydrogen bond between carbamates. These hydrogen and halogen bonds have respective energies of −1.83 kcal·mol−1 and −1.56 kcal·mol−1 at the B3LYP DFT level and −5.15 kcal·mol−1 and −5.24 kcal·mol−1 following the M06-2X DFT method.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Synthesis

Diynes 5-6-7. To a solution of N-Boc-propargylamine 3 (1.0 g, 6.45 mmol) and ethynyltrimethylsilane 4 (1.78 mL, 12.5 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was added Hay catalyst [freshly prepared by stirring CuI (1.3 g, 6.8 mmol) and TMEDA (1.92 mL, 12.9 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) under argon]. The reaction mixture was stirred under oxygen atmosphere (balloon) for 110 min. The resulting deep brown residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM, then ether:hexane 50:50, then ether), yielding the diyne 5 as a brown-orange oil (887 mg, 55%), the diyne 6 as a white solid (458 mg, 37%) and the diyne 7 as a white solid (290 mg, 29%).
For diyne 5: Rf = 0.42 (hexane:EtOAc, 75:25). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 4.70 (br s, 1H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 9H). HRMS (m/z) calcd for C13H21NO2SiNa [MNa+]: 274.1234, found: 274.1240.
For diyne 6: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.00 (s, 18H).
For diyne 7: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 4.91 (br, 1H), 3.96 (br, 2H), 1.42 (s, 18H).
Diyne 1. A mixture of diyne 5 (208 mg, 0.83 mmol) and K2CO3 (508 mg, 3.68 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and Et2O (5 mL) with a drop of water was stirred at room temperature for 70 min. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography (hexane: Et2O, 70:30) to yield the diyne 1 as white crystals (89 mg, 60%). Rf = 0.40 (hexane:EtOAc, 75:25). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3 δ ppm): 4.72 (br s, 1H), 3.99 (br s, 2H), 2.10 (s, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 155.32, 80.58, 73.25, 67.81, 67.55, 67.33, 31.07, 28.53. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C10H13NO2Na [MNa+]: 202.0839, found: 202.0839.
Diyne 2. AgNO3 (36 mg, 0.21 mmol) and NBS (228 mg, 1.28 mmol) were added to a solution of diyne 5 (270 mg, 1.07 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 18 h under N2 in the absence of light. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with mixtures of EtOAc and hexane (gradient from 10:90 to 25: 75) provided the title compound 2 as an orange solid (82 mg, 30%) and the diyne 1 as a white solid (26 mg, 14%). Rf = 0.52 (hexane:EtOAc, 70:30). 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 4.72 (br s,1H), 3.98 (br s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 155.31, 80.58, 72.03, 68.26, 65.15, 40.49, 31.11, 28.53. HRMS (m/z) calcd for C10H12BrNO2Na [MNa+]: 279.9944, found: 279.9951

3.2. Crystallizations

Diyne 1 crystallized from a solution of acetone and CDCl3 that was left to stand in a small vial at room temperature for several days. Colorless crystals of BocNHCH2CCCCH, 1, suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained. A Needle-like specimen of C10H13NO2 (0.05 mm × 0.10 mm × 0.28 mm), was used for the X-ray crystallographic analysis.
The same technique was used to obtain colorless crystals of BocNHCH2CCCCBr, 2, from a solution of ether, CDCl3 and hexane. A prism-like specimen of C10H12BrNO2 (0.08 mm × 0.15 mm × 0.68 mm), was cropped for the X-ray crystallographic analysis.

3.3. X-Ray Crystallography

The X-ray intensity data were measured on a Bruker Apex DUO system equipped with a Cu Kα ImuS micro-focus source with MX optics (Bruker, Madison, WI, USA) (λ = 1.54178 Å). The frames were integrated with the Bruker SAINT software package (Bruker, Madison, WI, USA) using a wide-frame algorithm. Data were corrected for absorption effects using the multi-scan method (SADABS). The structure was solved and refined using the Bruker SHELXTL Software Package (Bruker, Madison, WI, USA), using the space group P 21/c, with Z = 4 for the formula unit. Full details of the crystallographic data and refinement are presented in Table 1 and in the supporting information file (PDF). CCDC 1451745-1451746 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44 1223 336033; E-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk).

3.4. Computational Details

All calculations were performed with the GAMESS program package (Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA) [77] using the B3LYP/6-31++G(dp) and the M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p) density functional basis sets [78,79]. No zero point corrections were applied to the calculated raw energies following minimizations. The initial geometries were extracted from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Figure 5). All atoms not directly involved in the hydrogen and halogen bonds were removed and hydrogen atoms were finally added to fill up the valence requirements. For the minimizations, the requested maximum energy gradient was 0.0005 Eh.a0−1 (OPTTOL = 0.0005).

5. Conclusions

Despite their obvious differences in nature, both hydrogen and halogen bonds [80], between terminal diyne hydrogen or bromine atoms, respectively, with carbonyl oxygen as a partner, behave in the same way geometrically as well as energetically. Consequently, the data gathered in this work suggest that these non-covalent bonds can be used to produce identical patterns in crystals, the only noticeable difference arising from the van der Waals radii of hydrogen and bromine atoms.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/6/4/37/s1. Spectral characterization data for compounds 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 (PDF). RMSD parameters of DFT x,y,and z coordinates for systems 8-8-9 and 8-8-10. Crystallographic information files for compounds 1 and 2 (CIF).

Acknowledgments

Financial support by NSERC Canada, the Fonds de recherche du Québec-Nature et technologies (FRQNT, Grant No. 2016-CO-194882), the Programme de Collaboration Universités-Collèges (Grant No. PCUC-9004, Université de Sherbrooke) and the Centre d’étude et de recherche transdisciplinaire étudiants-enseignants (CERTEE, Cégep de Sherbrooke) are gratefully acknowledged, as well as Calcul Québec for computational resources. Many thanks to Tarik Rahem and Victor Fan for their valuable help with the synthesis of diynes 1 and 2.

Author Contributions

Pierre Baillargeon conceived and designed the experiments; Édouard Caron-Duval, Émilie Pellerin and Simon Gagné performed the experiments; Yves L. Dory carried out the calculations; Pierre Baillargeon and Yves L. Dory analyzed the data; Pierre Baillargeon and Yves L. Dory contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Pierre Baillargeon and Yves L. Dory wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
NBS
N-BromoSuccinimide
DFT
Density-Functional Theory
DCM
DiChloroMethane
TMEDA
TetraMethylEthyleneDiAmine
Rf
Retardation Factor
IR
InfraRed
NMR
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
HRMS
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
GAMESS
General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System

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Crystals 06 00037 g001 1024
Figure 1. Chemical and crystal (ORTEP) structures of the diacetylene derivatives 1 (BocNHCH2CCCCH) and 2 (BocNHCH2CCCCBr).
Figure 1. Chemical and crystal (ORTEP) structures of the diacetylene derivatives 1 (BocNHCH2CCCCH) and 2 (BocNHCH2CCCCBr).
Crystals 06 00037 g001
Crystals 06 00037 sch001 1024
Scheme 1. Synthesis of diynes 1 and 2.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of diynes 1 and 2.
Crystals 06 00037 sch001
Crystals 06 00037 g002 1024
Figure 2. Halogen and/or hydrogen bonds inside the supramolecular walls of (a) diyne 1 and (b) bromodiyne 2. The non polar hydrogen atoms have been removed for clarity.
Figure 2. Halogen and/or hydrogen bonds inside the supramolecular walls of (a) diyne 1 and (b) bromodiyne 2. The non polar hydrogen atoms have been removed for clarity.
Crystals 06 00037 g002
Crystals 06 00037 g003 1024
Figure 3. Top views of the supramolecular walls, seen along the b-axis of (a) diyne 1 and (b) bromodiyne 2. The non polar hydrogen atoms have been removed for clarity.
Figure 3. Top views of the supramolecular walls, seen along the b-axis of (a) diyne 1 and (b) bromodiyne 2. The non polar hydrogen atoms have been removed for clarity.
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Crystals 06 00037 g004 1024
Figure 4. Geometrical characteristics of the closest parallel diyne rods in crystals of 1 and 2.
Figure 4. Geometrical characteristics of the closest parallel diyne rods in crystals of 1 and 2.
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Crystals 06 00037 g005 1024
Figure 5. Summary of DFT calculations. (a) structures of systems 8-8-9 and 8-8-10, in which 8, 9 and 10 are N,O-dimethylcarbamate, penta-1,3-diyne and 1-bromopenta-1,3-diyne. Initial geometries for systems (b) 8-8-9 extracted from the crystal of 1 and (c) 8-8-10 corresponding to the crystal of 2.
Figure 5. Summary of DFT calculations. (a) structures of systems 8-8-9 and 8-8-10, in which 8, 9 and 10 are N,O-dimethylcarbamate, penta-1,3-diyne and 1-bromopenta-1,3-diyne. Initial geometries for systems (b) 8-8-9 extracted from the crystal of 1 and (c) 8-8-10 corresponding to the crystal of 2.
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Crystals 06 00037 g006 1024
Figure 6. Starting (crystal) and equilibrium (DFT minimization) geometries for (a) system 8-8-9 and for (b) system 8-8-10. Plain figures in the equilibrium geometries are for B3LYP calculations and italic figures for M06-2X calculations.
Figure 6. Starting (crystal) and equilibrium (DFT minimization) geometries for (a) system 8-8-9 and for (b) system 8-8-10. Plain figures in the equilibrium geometries are for B3LYP calculations and italic figures for M06-2X calculations.
Crystals 06 00037 g006
Table
Table 1. Crystallographic data for diynes 1 and 2.
Table 1. Crystallographic data for diynes 1 and 2.
Diyne 1Diyne 2
formulaC10H13NO2C10H12BrNO2
MW/g·mol−1179.21258.12
crystal systemmonoclinicmonoclinic
space groupP 21/cP 21/c
a/Å9.3613(15)10.4435(16)
b/Å9.3135(14)9.2090(15)
c/Å11.8981(19)12.2744(19)
β/deg102.497(5)102.599(4)
V/Å31012.8(3)1152.1(3)
Z44
ρcalc/g·cm−31.1751.488
meas. reflns520416523
ind. reflns18482175
Rint0.04030.0656
R1 [I > 2σ(I)]0.03820.0644
wR2 [I > 2σ(I)]0.08400.1662
GoF1.0271.133
Table
Table 2. DFT energies for the minimized geometries.
Table 2. DFT energies for the minimized geometries.
SystemEnergy (Eh) 1
B3LYPM06-2X
8−323.59792−323.62775
9−192.70191−192.73108
10−2765.83708−2766.01159
8-8−647.20438−647.26691
8-8-9−839.90921−840.00619
8-8-10−3413.04394−3413.28685
1 Eh means Hartree (1 Eh = 627.5 kcal·mol−1).

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Baillargeon, P.; Caron-Duval, É.; Pellerin, É.; Gagné, S.; Dory, Y.L. Isomorphous Crystals from Diynes and Bromodiynes Involved in Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds. Crystals 2016, 6, 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst6040037

AMA Style

Baillargeon P, Caron-Duval É, Pellerin É, Gagné S, Dory YL. Isomorphous Crystals from Diynes and Bromodiynes Involved in Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds. Crystals. 2016; 6(4):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst6040037

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baillargeon, Pierre, Édouard Caron-Duval, Émilie Pellerin, Simon Gagné, and Yves L. Dory. 2016. "Isomorphous Crystals from Diynes and Bromodiynes Involved in Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds" Crystals 6, no. 4: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst6040037

APA Style

Baillargeon, P., Caron-Duval, É., Pellerin, É., Gagné, S., & Dory, Y. L. (2016). Isomorphous Crystals from Diynes and Bromodiynes Involved in Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds. Crystals, 6(4), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst6040037

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