Synbiotics Alleviate the Gut Indole Load and Dysbiosis in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Human Blood Metabolite Analysis
2.2. Human Fecal Microbiota Analysis
2.3. The CKD Animal Model
2.4. The Animal Model 1: Concomitant Five-Week Adenine Diet and Five-Week Synbiotic Treatment
2.5. The Animal Model 2: Five-Week Adenine Diet Followed by 10-Week Synbiotic Treatment
2.6. Rat Serum Biochemistry and Kidney Pathology
2.7. Rat Fecal Microbiota Analysis
2.8. Kovács Analysis for Rat and Human Fecal Indole Quantification
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Human Samples
3.1.1. Demographic Characteristics of Human Study Participants
3.1.2. Characteristics of the 16s Microbiome in ESKD Patients
3.2. The Animal Model 1: Concomitant Five-Week Adenine Diet and Five-Week Synbiotic Treatment
3.3. The Animal Model 2: Five-Week Adenine Diet Followed by 10-Week Synbiotic Treatment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Healthy Controls | ESKD Patients | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Patient number | 22 | 40 | 62 |
Age (year) | 62.3 ± 10.0 | 69.5 ± 13.2 | 68.6 ± 13.0 |
Male gender (%) | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Healthy Controls | CKD Patients | ||
---|---|---|---|
Top 10 Genus | Percentage | Top 10 Genus | Percentage |
Bacteroides | 50.85% | Bacteroides | 49.15% |
Prevotella | 7.51% | Prevotella | 5.54% |
Clostridium | 4.38% | Clostridium | 3.76% |
Faecalibacterium | 3.96% | Streptococcus | 3.45% |
Roseburia | 2.89% | Alistipes | 3.29% |
Ruminococcus | 2.78% | Parabacteroides | 3.12% |
Alistipes | 2.73% | Succinispira | 3.05% |
Megamonas | 2.43% | Ruminococcus | 2.94% |
Succinispira | 2.30% | Faecalibacterium | 2.73% |
Arcobacter | 2.21% | Dorea | 2.62% |
Animal Model 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Serum Test | Week | Control | CKD | CKD + Synbiotics |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 0 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 15.2 ± 0.4 |
3 | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 108.5 ± 0.9 * | 88.4 ± 6.7 *,# | |
5 | 15.9 ± 0.6 | 214.0 ± 20.0 * | 124.9 ± 1.0 *,# | |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 |
3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.3 * | 2.1 ± 0.2 | |
5 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.6 * | 3.6 ± 0.4 *,# |
Animal Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Serum Test | Week | Control | CKD | CKD + Synbiotics |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 0 | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 15.1 ± 0.4 | 15.7 ± 0.4 |
3 | 16.0 ± 1.0 | 110.1 ± 11.0 * | 109.7 ± 7.4 * | |
5 | 17.8 ± 0.6 | 214.2 ± 21.8 * | 201.2 ± 26.6 * | |
7 | 17.8 ± 0.8 | 191.2 ± 20.4 * | 100.2 ± 13.4 *,# | |
9 | 16.0 ± 0.5 | 190.4 ± 0 * | 87.0 ± 11.2 *# | |
11 | 17.4 ± 1.0 | - | 83.3 ± 5.9 * | |
13 | 15.6 ± 0.9 | - | 80.0 ± 6.9 * | |
15 | 14.9 ± 1.0 | - | 77.3 ± 9.7 * | |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.5 * | 2.4 ± 0.3 * | |
5 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.8 * | 7.3 ± 1.6 * | |
7 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 1.5 * | 3.3 ± 0.5 *,# | |
9 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0 * | 1.7 ± 0.3 *,# | |
11 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | - | 1.4 ± 0.1 | |
13 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | - | 1.3 ± 0.2 | |
15 | 0.3 ± 0 | - | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
Control | CKD | CKD + Synbiotics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top 10 Genus | Top 10 Genus | Top 10 Genus | |||
Ruminococcus | 20.26% | Parabacteroides | 19.52% | Parabacteroides | 18.36% |
Parabacteroides | 16.16% | Clostridium | 19.22% | Lactobacillus | 16.70% |
Lactobacillus | 15.50% | Ruminococcus | 17.07% | Ruminococcus | 12.29% |
Clostridium | 10.07% | Lactobacillus | 11.27% | Clostridium | 10.84% |
Marvinbryantia | 9.75% | Akkermansia | 8.11% | Allobaculum | 9.60% |
Prevotella | 8.37% | Anaeroplasma | 5.86% | Alistipes | 8.44% |
Alistipes | 4.31% | Marvinbryantia | 4.14% | Anaeroplasma | 8.23% |
Sporobacter | 4.24% | Alistipes | 4.00% | Bifidobacterium | 6.14% |
Adlercreutzia | 2.15% | Sporobacter | 1.62% | Marvinbryantia | 3.56% |
Bifidobacterium | 1.54% | Bifidobacterium | 1.13% | rc4-4 | 1.71% |
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Yang, C.-Y.; Chen, T.-W.; Lu, W.-L.; Liang, S.-S.; Huang, H.-D.; Tseng, C.-P.; Tarng, D.-C. Synbiotics Alleviate the Gut Indole Load and Dysbiosis in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells 2021, 10, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010114
Yang C-Y, Chen T-W, Lu W-L, Liang S-S, Huang H-D, Tseng C-P, Tarng D-C. Synbiotics Alleviate the Gut Indole Load and Dysbiosis in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells. 2021; 10(1):114. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010114
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chih-Yu, Ting-Wen Chen, Wan-Lun Lu, Shih-Shin Liang, Hsien-Da Huang, Ching-Ping Tseng, and Der-Cherng Tarng. 2021. "Synbiotics Alleviate the Gut Indole Load and Dysbiosis in Chronic Kidney Disease" Cells 10, no. 1: 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010114