Cell Surface GRP94 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target for Monoclonal Antibody Cancer Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Structure and Physiological Roles of GRP94 in Cells
2.1. The Structure of GRP94
2.2. Physiological Role of GRP94 in Cells
2.2.1. GRP94 as a Molecular Chaperone
2.2.2. GRP94 as a Calcium Regulator
2.2.3. GRP94 as an Immune Modulator
3. Role and Relevance of GRP94 in Cancer
3.1. Clinical Relevance of GRP94 in Cancer
3.2. Role of GRP94 in Cancer Progression and Metastasis
3.3. Role of GRP94 in Tumor Resistance
4. The Development of GRP94-Specific Inhibitors
4.1. GRP94 Small Molecule Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy
4.1.1. Benzoquinone Ansamycin Class
4.1.2. Resorcinol Class
4.1.3. Purine Class
4.2. GRP94 Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Therapy
4.2.1. Cell Surface GRP94 in Cancers
4.2.2. Mouse Monoclonal Antibody
4.2.3. Human Monoclonal Antibody
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
17-AAG | 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin |
17-DMAG | 17-Desmethoxy-17-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl amino geldanamycin |
AKT | Protein kinase B |
APC | Antigen-presenting cell |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
BRAF | v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 |
BSDL | Bile-salt-dependent lipase |
CHOP | C/EBP homologous protein |
CR | Charged linker region |
CRC | Colorectal cancer |
CTD | C-terminal domain |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
ER-α36 | Estrogen receptor-α36 |
FAK | Focal adhesion kinase |
GARP | Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant |
GDA | Geldanamycin |
GRP94 | Glucose-regulated protein 94 |
GP | Glycoprotein |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
HER2 | Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 |
HSP90 | Heat shock protein 90 |
HSP90B1 | Heat shock protein 90 kDa beta member 1 |
IGFs | Insulin-like growth factors |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
LRP6 | Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 |
KRAS | Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog |
mAbs | Monoclonal antibodies |
MD | Middle domain |
NECA | 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine |
NTD | N-terminal domain |
PD-1 | Programmed cell death protein-1 |
PD-L1 | Programmed death-ligand 1 |
PI3KCA | Phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha |
PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homolog |
RDA | Radamide |
RDC | Radicicol |
scFv | Single-chain variable fragment |
shRNA | Short hairpin RNA |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
TRA1 | Tumor rejection antigen 1 |
uPAR | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor |
USFDA | The United States Food and Drug Administration |
VEGF-A | Vascular endothelial growth factor-A |
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Kim, J.W.; Cho, Y.B.; Lee, S. Cell Surface GRP94 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target for Monoclonal Antibody Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021, 10, 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030670
Kim JW, Cho YB, Lee S. Cell Surface GRP94 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target for Monoclonal Antibody Cancer Therapy. Cells. 2021; 10(3):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030670
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ji Woong, Yea Bin Cho, and Sukmook Lee. 2021. "Cell Surface GRP94 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target for Monoclonal Antibody Cancer Therapy" Cells 10, no. 3: 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030670