Metformin Dysregulates the Unfolded Protein Response and the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells through an AMPK-Independent Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines and Reagents
2.2. Cell Proliferation and Colony Formation Assay
2.3. Western Blot
2.4. RNA Isolation and Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR
2.5. Wound Healing Assay
2.6. Luciferase Assay
2.7. Immunofluorescence
2.8. Cell Fractionation
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Metformin Affects Cell Growth and Viability of Endometrial Cancer Cells
3.2. CC Does Not Prevent Metformin Effects on Endometrial Cancer Cells
3.3. Metformin Modulates the Expression of UPR Key Players in Endometrial Cancer Cells
3.4. Metformin Inhibits β-Catenin Expression and Activity in Endometrial Cancer Cells
3.5. Metformin Inhibits GSK3β Phosphorylation in Endometrial Cancer Cells
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conza, D.; Mirra, P.; Calì, G.; Insabato, L.; Fiory, F.; Beguinot, F.; Ulianich, L. Metformin Dysregulates the Unfolded Protein Response and the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells through an AMPK-Independent Mechanism. Cells 2021, 10, 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051067
Conza D, Mirra P, Calì G, Insabato L, Fiory F, Beguinot F, Ulianich L. Metformin Dysregulates the Unfolded Protein Response and the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells through an AMPK-Independent Mechanism. Cells. 2021; 10(5):1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051067
Chicago/Turabian StyleConza, Domenico, Paola Mirra, Gaetano Calì, Luigi Insabato, Francesca Fiory, Francesco Beguinot, and Luca Ulianich. 2021. "Metformin Dysregulates the Unfolded Protein Response and the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells through an AMPK-Independent Mechanism" Cells 10, no. 5: 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051067