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Review

Experimentally Created Magnetic Force in Microbiological Space and On-Earth Studies: Perspectives and Restrictions

by
Svetlana A. Ermolaeva
1,*,
Vladislav A. Parfenov
2,3,
Pavel A. Karalkin
4,
Yusef D. Khesuani
5 and
Pavel A. Domnin
1
1
Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
2
Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
3
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
4
Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 127473 Moscow, Russia
5
3D Bioprinting Solutions Ltd., 115409 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2023, 12(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12020338
Submission received: 30 November 2022 / Revised: 7 January 2023 / Accepted: 13 January 2023 / Published: 16 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Microgravity and Space Biology)
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Abstract

Magnetic force and gravity are two fundamental forces affecting all living organisms, including bacteria. On Earth, experimentally created magnetic force can be used to counterbalance gravity and place living organisms in conditions of magnetic levitation. Under conditions of microgravity, magnetic force becomes the only force that moves bacteria, providing an acceleration towards areas of the lowest magnetic field and locking cells in this area. In this review, we consider basic principles and experimental systems used to create a magnetic force strong enough to balance gravity. Further, we describe how magnetic levitation is applied in on-Earth microbiological studies. Next, we consider bacterial behavior under combined conditions of microgravity and magnetic force onboard a spacecraft. At last, we discuss restrictions on applications of magnetic force in microbiological studies and the impact of these restrictions on biotechnological applications under space and on-Earth conditions.
Keywords: magnetic levitation; spaceflight; bacteria magnetic levitation; spaceflight; bacteria

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ermolaeva, S.A.; Parfenov, V.A.; Karalkin, P.A.; Khesuani, Y.D.; Domnin, P.A. Experimentally Created Magnetic Force in Microbiological Space and On-Earth Studies: Perspectives and Restrictions. Cells 2023, 12, 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12020338

AMA Style

Ermolaeva SA, Parfenov VA, Karalkin PA, Khesuani YD, Domnin PA. Experimentally Created Magnetic Force in Microbiological Space and On-Earth Studies: Perspectives and Restrictions. Cells. 2023; 12(2):338. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12020338

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ermolaeva, Svetlana A., Vladislav A. Parfenov, Pavel A. Karalkin, Yusef D. Khesuani, and Pavel A. Domnin. 2023. "Experimentally Created Magnetic Force in Microbiological Space and On-Earth Studies: Perspectives and Restrictions" Cells 12, no. 2: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12020338

APA Style

Ermolaeva, S. A., Parfenov, V. A., Karalkin, P. A., Khesuani, Y. D., & Domnin, P. A. (2023). Experimentally Created Magnetic Force in Microbiological Space and On-Earth Studies: Perspectives and Restrictions. Cells, 12(2), 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12020338

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