Autophagosome Biogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Preautophagosomal Structure as Autophagosome Generator in Budding Yeast
3. Similarities and Differences between Budding Yeast and Mammals in Autophagosome Biogenesis
4. The Endoplasmic Reticulum as Source of Phagophores
5. COPII Vesicles and ER Exit Sites in Phagophore Biogenesis
6. Mitochondria as Source of Phagophore Membranes
7. Contact Sites between ER and Mitochondria as Source of Phagophores
8. Endosomes as Source of Phagophore Membranes
9. The Plasma Membrane as Source of Phagophore Membranes
10. Lipid Droplets as Source of Phagophore Membranes
11. Hybrid Golgi-Endosome Membranes as Source of Phagophores
12. Closure of the Phagophore
13. Conclusions: Challenges and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein | Function | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
H. sapiens | S. cerevisiae | ||
ULK1 | Atg1 | Protein kinase in autophagy initiation | [11] |
ATG2 | Atg2 | Lipid channel | [12,13] |
ATG3 | Atg3 | E2 enzyme for lipidation of Atg8 family proteins | [14,15] |
ATG4 | Atg4 | C-terminal proteolysis/delipidation of Atg8 family proteins | [14,16] |
ATG5 | Atg5 | Ubiquitin-like protein, part of E3 complex | [14,17] |
Beclin 1 | Atg6/Vps30 | PI3K subunit | [18,19] |
ATG7 | Atg7 | E1 enzyme | [14,17] |
LC3, GABARAP | Atg8 | Ubiquitin-like protein in phagophore growth, autophagosome-lysome fusion | [20,14] |
ATG9 | Atg9 | Lipid scramblase | [21,22] |
ATG10 | Atg10 | E2 enzyme for Atg5-Atg12 conjugation | [14,17] |
ATG12 | Atg12 | Ubiquitin-like protein, part of E3 complex | [14,17] |
ATG13 | Atg13 | Part of ULK/Atg1 complex, scaffold | [23,11] |
ATG14 | Atg14 | PI3K subunit, targeting to sites of phagophore formation | [18] |
ATG16L1 | Atg16 | Part of E3 complex | [24,14] |
CHMP4 | Vps32 | ESCRT-III subunit that mediates phagophore closure | [25,26] |
DFCP1 | PI3P binding protein on omegasomes | [27] | |
FIP200 | Atg17 | Part of ULK/Atg1 complex, scaffold | [23,11] |
TSG101 | Vps23 | ESCRT-I subunit | [28] |
VPS13 | Vps13 | Lipid channel | [29] |
VPS15 | Vps15 | PI3K subunit | [18] |
VPS34/PIK3C3 | Vps34 | Catalytic PI3K subunit | [18] |
VPS37A | Vps37 | ESCRT-I subunit, targets ESCRT machinery to holes in phagophores | [30,31] |
WIPI1-4 | Atg18 | PI3P-binding protein involved in Atg2/ATG2 targeting | [32,33] |
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Zhen, Y.; Stenmark, H. Autophagosome Biogenesis. Cells 2023, 12, 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040668
Zhen Y, Stenmark H. Autophagosome Biogenesis. Cells. 2023; 12(4):668. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040668
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhen, Yan, and Harald Stenmark. 2023. "Autophagosome Biogenesis" Cells 12, no. 4: 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040668