TRIM44, a Novel Prognostic Marker, Supports the Survival of Proteasome-Resistant Multiple Myeloma Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines
2.2. Antibodies
2.3. Reagents
2.4. Apoptosis Assay
2.5. Confocal Microscopy
2.6. Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting
2.7. CHX Chase Assay
2.8. Cell Lysate Fraction
2.9. RNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR
2.10. Patient Dataset Analysis
2.11. Gene Expression and Mutation Status
2.12. scRNA-Seq Data Analysis
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. High TRIM44 Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in the MMRF Cohort
3.2. Profile of TRIM44 Expression at Single-Cell Resolution during MM Progression
3.3. TRIM44 Levels Strongly Correlate with an Increased Unfolded Protein Response in Patients Exhibiting Low Response to Bortezomib
3.4. TRIM44 Is Upregulated and Enhances the Survival of Therapy-Resistant MM Cells Treated with Bortezomib
3.5. TRIM44 Promotes the Oligomerization of SQSTM1, Which Is Essential for Its Phosphorylation in Response to Oxidative Stress
3.6. TRIM44-Mediated SQSTM1 Oligomerization Sequesters KEAP1 and Activates NRF2, Thereby Enhancing MM Cell Survival under Oxidative Stress
3.7. TRIM44 Counteracts TRIM21-Mediated Suppression of MM Survival under Oxidative Stress
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vu, T.; Wang, Y.; Fowler, A.; Simieou, A.; McCarty, N. TRIM44, a Novel Prognostic Marker, Supports the Survival of Proteasome-Resistant Multiple Myeloma Cells. Cells 2024, 13, 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171431
Vu T, Wang Y, Fowler A, Simieou A, McCarty N. TRIM44, a Novel Prognostic Marker, Supports the Survival of Proteasome-Resistant Multiple Myeloma Cells. Cells. 2024; 13(17):1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171431
Chicago/Turabian StyleVu, Trung, Yuqin Wang, Annaliese Fowler, Anton Simieou, and Nami McCarty. 2024. "TRIM44, a Novel Prognostic Marker, Supports the Survival of Proteasome-Resistant Multiple Myeloma Cells" Cells 13, no. 17: 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171431