The Effects of Apigenin-Biosynthesized Ultra-Small Platinum Nanoparticles on the Human Monocytic THP-1 Cell Line
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of PtNPs
2.3. Cell Culture Conditions and PtNP Exposures
2.4. Cell Viability Assay
2.5. BrdU Cell Proliferation Assay
2.6. Assessment of Membrane Integrity
2.7. Cell Mortality Assay
2.8. Determination of ROS, MDA, Nitric Oxide (NO), and Carbonylated Protein Levels
2.9. Measurement of Anti-Oxidative Marker Levels
2.10. Measurement of 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2′-Deoxyguanosine (8-Oxo-Dg) and 8-Oxo-G Levels
2.11. Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.12. Measurement of Cytokine Levels
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of PtNPs Using Apigenin
3.2. PtNPs Decreased the Survival and Proliferation of THP-1 Cells
3.3. PtNPs Altered Cell Morphology
3.4. PtNPs Induced Toxicity via Increase in LDH Leakage and Decrease in THP-1 Cell Viability
3.5. PtNPs Induced ROS Generation and Expression of Oxidative Stress Markers
3.6. Effect of PtNPs on Antioxidant Markers
3.7. PtNPs Impaired Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and Decreased ATP Level
3.8. PtNPs Increased the Expression of Proapoptotic Genes and Decreased the Expression of Antiapoptotic Genes
3.9. PtNPs Increased Oxidative Damage to DNA and RNA
3.10. PtNPs Regulated DNA Damage and Repair Genes
3.11. PtNPs Increased the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gurunathan, S.; Jeyaraj, M.; Kang, M.-H.; Kim, J.-H. The Effects of Apigenin-Biosynthesized Ultra-Small Platinum Nanoparticles on the Human Monocytic THP-1 Cell Line. Cells 2019, 8, 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8050444
Gurunathan S, Jeyaraj M, Kang M-H, Kim J-H. The Effects of Apigenin-Biosynthesized Ultra-Small Platinum Nanoparticles on the Human Monocytic THP-1 Cell Line. Cells. 2019; 8(5):444. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8050444
Chicago/Turabian StyleGurunathan, Sangiliyandi, Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Min-Hee Kang, and Jin-Hoi Kim. 2019. "The Effects of Apigenin-Biosynthesized Ultra-Small Platinum Nanoparticles on the Human Monocytic THP-1 Cell Line" Cells 8, no. 5: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8050444
APA StyleGurunathan, S., Jeyaraj, M., Kang, M. -H., & Kim, J. -H. (2019). The Effects of Apigenin-Biosynthesized Ultra-Small Platinum Nanoparticles on the Human Monocytic THP-1 Cell Line. Cells, 8(5), 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8050444