The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer: From Bench to the Dark Bedside
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Autophagy and Molecular Mechanisms
2.1. Execution of Autophagy
2.2. Stimulation of Autophagy
2.3. Cargo Selection
3. Autophagy and Pancreatic Cancer
3.1. The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer
3.1.1. Macroautophagy and Pancreatic Cancer
3.1.2. Other Autophagic Machineries and Pancreatic Cancer
3.2. The Role of Autophagy in the Micro/Macroenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer
3.2.1. Autophagy and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts
3.2.2. Autophagy and Immune Cells
3.2.3. Autophagy and the Macroenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer
4. Targeting Autophagy as a Therapeutic Approach for Pancreatic Cancer
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trial ID | Clinical Trial | Treatment | Phase |
---|---|---|---|
NCT01777477 | Adjuvant Effect of Chloroquine on Gemcitabine | Chloroquine + Gemcitabine | Phase 1 |
NCT01273805 | Hydroxychloroquine in Previously Treated Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer | Hydroxychloroquine | Phase 2 |
NCT01494155 | Short Course Radiation Therapy With Proton or Photon Beam Capecitabine and Hydroxychloroquine for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer | Capecitabine + Hydroxychloroquine + Proton or Photon Radiation Therapy | Phase 2 |
NCT04132505 | Binimetinib and Hydroxychloroquine in Treating Patients With KRAS Mutant Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer | Binimetinib + Hydroxychloroquine | Phase 1 |
NCT03344172 | Pre-Operative Trial (PGHA vs. PGH) for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer (17-134) | Gemcitabine + Nab-Paclitaxel + Hydroxychloroquine + Avelumab | Phase 2 |
NCT01978184 | Randomized Phase II Trial of Pre-Operative Gemcitabine and Nab Paclitacel With or With Out Hydroxychloroquine | Gemcitabine + Abraxane + Hydroxychloroquine | Phase 2 |
NCT03825289 | Trametinib and Hydroxychloroquine in Treating Patients With Pancreatic Cancer (THREAD) | Hydroxychloroquine + Trametinib | Phase 1 |
NCT01128296 | Study of Pre-surgery Gemcitabine + Hydroxychloroquine (GcHc) in Stage IIb or III Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas | Hydroxychloroquine + Gemcitabine | Phase 1/2 |
NCT01506973 | A Phase I/II/Pharmacodynamic Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Combination With Gemcitabine/Abraxane to Inhibit Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer | Hydroxychloroquine + Gemcitabine | Phase 1/2 |
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Görgülü, K.; Diakopoulos, K.N.; Kaya-Aksoy, E.; Ciecielski, K.J.; Ai, J.; Lesina, M.; Algül, H. The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer: From Bench to the Dark Bedside. Cells 2020, 9, 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9041063
Görgülü K, Diakopoulos KN, Kaya-Aksoy E, Ciecielski KJ, Ai J, Lesina M, Algül H. The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer: From Bench to the Dark Bedside. Cells. 2020; 9(4):1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9041063
Chicago/Turabian StyleGörgülü, Kıvanç, Kalliope N. Diakopoulos, Ezgi Kaya-Aksoy, Katrin J. Ciecielski, Jiaoyu Ai, Marina Lesina, and Hana Algül. 2020. "The Role of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer: From Bench to the Dark Bedside" Cells 9, no. 4: 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9041063