Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Exosomes
3. Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer
3.1. Epidemiology of Ovarian Cancer
3.2. Roles of Exosomes During Ovarian Cancer Progression
4. Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer
4.1. Exosomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Cancer Treatment
4.2. Exogenous Method of Cargo Loading Into Exosomes
4.2.1. Chemotherapeutic Drugs
4.2.2. siRNA
4.2.3. miRNA
4.3. Endogenous Method for Cargo Loading Into Exosomes
4.4. Exosome-Based Immunotherapy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molecules | Type of Molecules | Recipient Cell | Role | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATF2, MTA1, ROCK1/2 | Protein | HUVEC | Angiogenesis | [31] |
MALATI | Protein | HUVEC | Angiogenesis and peritoneal dissemination | [32] |
sE-cad | Protein | HUVEC | Angiogenesis and peritoneal dissemination | [33] |
MTI-MMP, MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA | Protein | Cancer cell | Invasion | [34] |
CD24, EpCAM | Protein | Cancer cell | Invasion | [35] |
soluble L1(CD171) | Protein | Cancer cell | Migration | [36] |
TGF-β | Protein | Cancer cell | EMT and migration | [37] |
miR223 | miRNA | Cancer cell | Chemoresistance | [38] |
let7a-f, miR-200a-c | miRNA | Local invasion and metastasis | [39] | |
NKG2D, DNAM-1 ligand | Protein | NK cells | Immunosuppression | [40] |
ARG-1 | Protein | T-cell | Immunosuppression | [41] |
Phosphatidylserine | Phospholipid | T-cell | Immunosuppression | [42] |
Fas ligand | Protein | T-cell | Immunosuppression | [43] |
miR21-3p, miR125b-5p, miR181d-5p | mRNA | Macrophage | Proliferation/migration (M2 polarization of macrophages) | [44] |
miR-940, miR-222-3p | miRNA | TAMs | M2 phenotype polarization, Proliferation and migration | [45] |
MMP1 mRNAs | mRNA | MeT-5 HPMC | Destruction of the peritoneal mesothelial barrier | [21] |
miR-99a-5p | miRNA | HPMCs | Destruction of the peritoneal mesothelium barrier | [46] |
CD44 | Protein | HPMCs | Tumor cell invasion for peritoneal dissemination | [47] |
Source of EVs | Loading Approach | Cargo | Type of Cancer | Key Molecules | Role | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LNCaP PC-3 | Incubation | Ptx | Prostate cancer | Enhance the cytotoxic effect | [58] | |
Macrophage | Sonication | Ptx, Dox | Lung carcinoma | Drug-loaded exosomes indicated the efficacy for MDR and suppressed metastasis | [59] | |
DCs | Electroporation | Dox | Breast cancer | Loaded exosomes delivered Dox specifically to tumor tissues, leading to inhibition of tumor growth without overt toxicity | [60] | |
HeLa HTB-177 Plasma | Electroporation | siRNA | Uterine cervical cancer | MAPK-1 | Vesicles effectively delivered the administered siRNA into monocytes and lymphocytes | [61] |
Fibroblast | Electroporation | shRNA, siRNA | Pancreatic cancer | KRAS | Suppress pancreatic cancer progression in mouse models | [54] |
Fibroblast MSCs | Electroporation | siRNA | Pancreatic cancer | KRAS | Suppress pancreatic cancer progression and metastases in mouse models | [62] |
HEK293T MCF-7 | Sonication | siRNA | Breast cancer | HER2 | Suppress breast cancer in vitro and vivo | [63] |
THP-1 | Incubation Electroporation | miRNA | BCL-2 | Improve miRNA transfection | [64] | |
Plasma | Electroporation | miRNA | Liver cancer | BCL2α CASP3 RAB14 | Promote the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells | [65] |
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Shimizu, A.; Sawada, K.; Kimura, T. Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2020, 9, 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9040814
Shimizu A, Sawada K, Kimura T. Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer. Cells. 2020; 9(4):814. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9040814
Chicago/Turabian StyleShimizu, Aasa, Kenjiro Sawada, and Tadashi Kimura. 2020. "Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer" Cells 9, no. 4: 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9040814