HNSCC: Tumour Antigens and Their Targeting by Immunotherapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Status of Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in HNSCC
3. Virus-Derived Tumour Antigens
3.1. Human Papilloma Virus, HPV
Drug/Study | Target | Type | Antigen | Additional Drug | Study Phase | Study Start | Patients Estimated/Recruited | HNSCC Patients Enrolled | Study Identifier | Status | Immune Response | Clinical Responses | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEDI-0457 (INO-3112) | HPV16/18 E6/E7 | DNA | Viral Ag | durvalumab | Phase 2 | June–19 | 66/na | all | NCT04001413 | Recruiting | |||
single treatment | Phase 1/2 | June–14 | 25/22 | all | NCT02163057 | Completed | Specific peripheral/tumour immune response | [71] | |||||
durvalumab | Phase 1/2 | June–17 | 50/35 | all | NCT03162224 | Active, not recruiting | |||||||
HARE-40 | HPV16 E6/E7 | RNA | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1/2 | April–17 | 44/na | na | NCT03418480 | Recruiting as of 09/2020 | |||
DPX-E7 | HPV16 E7 | peptide | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1/2 | December–16 | 44/11 | na | NCT02865135 | Active, not recruiting | |||
ISA101/101b | HPV16 E6/E7 | peptide | Viral Ag | nivolumab | Phase 2 | December–15 | 28/34 | n = 22 | NCT02426892 | Active, not recruiting | Induce CD4/CD8 T cells | 33% response | [65] |
utomilumab | Phase 2 | April–18 | 44/27 | all | NCT03258008 | Active, not recruiting | |||||||
ISA201 (Hespecta) | HPV16 E6/E7 | peptide | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | March–15 | 24/na | na | NCT02821494 | Unknown | |||
ADXS11-001 (ADXS-HPV) | HPV16 E6/E7 | bacterial vector | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 2 | December–13 | 30/15 | all | NCT02002182 | Active, not recruiting | |||
durvalumab | Phase 1/2 | April–15 | 66/na | na | NCT02291055 | Active, not recruiting | |||||||
MG1-E6E7, Ad-E6E7 | HPV E6/E7 | viral vector | Viral Ag | atezolizumab | Phase 1 | June–18 | 75/na | na | NCT03618953 | Active, not recruiting | |||
TheraT® Vector(s)HB-201/HB-202 | HPV16 E6/E7 | viral vector | Viral Ag | nivolumab | Phase 1/2 | December–19 | 140/na | na | NCT04180215 | Recruiting | |||
TG4001 | HPV16 E6/E7 | MVA | Viral Ag | avelumab | Phase 1/2 | September–17 | 52/na | all | NCT03260023 | Recruiting | TME change from immune cold to hot | 50% response | [69] |
HPV E6/E/peptides pulsed PBMC | HPV16 E6/E7 | peptide pulsed PBMCs | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | November–95 | na/na | na | NCT00019110 | Completed | |||
HPV E7-specific TCR T cells | HPV16 E7 | TCR T cell | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 2 | August–20 | 180/na | all | NCT04044950 | Recruiting | |||
HPV E7-specific TCR T cells | HPV16 E7 | TCR T cell | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 2 | July–20 | 180/na | all | NCT04015336 | Recruiting | |||
HPV E6-specific TCR-T cells | HPV16 E6 | TCR T cell | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | September–18 | 20/9 | na | NCT03578406 | Recruiting | |||
GL-0810 (HPV16) and GL-0817 (MAGE-A3) | MAGEA3 and HPV16 | peptide | Viral Ag/TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | Na | na/16 | n = 16 | na | Completed | T cell and antibody responses observed | Well tolerated | [66] |
Trojan | MAGEA3 and HPV16 E7 | peptide | Viral Ag/TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | November–05 | 90/5 | n = 5 | NCT00257738 | Completed | Induction of viral/CTA-specific T cells | Acceptable toxicity | [67] |
EBV-LMP-2 | EBV | peptide | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | February–04 | na/99 | na | NCT00078494 | Completed | Higher proportions of CD3 + CD4+ T cells | Well tolerated | [82] |
MVA Vaccine encoding EBV proteins | EBV | MVA | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | March–05 | 22/16 | n = 16 | NCT01147991 | Completed | Increased circulating CD4 T cells, and antigen-specific T cells | [83] | |
MVA EBNA1/LMP2 | EBV | MVA | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 2 | March–10 | 37/25 | all | NCT01094405 | Active, not recruiting | |||
Autologous EBV specific Cytotoxic T cells | EBV | T cells | Viral Ag | gemcitabine, carboplatin | Phase 3 | July–14 | 330/na | all | NCT02578641 | Active, not recruiting | |||
Tabele-cleucel | EBV | T cells | Viral Ag | pembrolizumab | Phase 1/2 | November–18 | 60/na | all | NCT03769467 | Recruiting | |||
EBV-specific adoptive T cells | EBV | T cells | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | February–07 | 28/28 | all | NCT00431210 | Completed | Not specified | Only 1/28 patients had complete response | [84] |
single treatment | Phase 2 | January–09 | 20/na | all | NCT00834093 | Active, not recruiting | |||||||
EBV-TCR-T cells (YT-E001). | EBV | TCR T cell | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 2 | October–18 | 20/na | all | NCT03648697 | Recruiting | |||
EBV specific-TCR-T cells | EBV | TCR T cell | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | August–19 | 27/na | all | NCT03925896 | Recruiting | |||
LMBP2-specific TCR-T cell | EBV | TCR T cell | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1/2 | September–20 | 20/na | all | NCT04509726 | Not yet recruiting | |||
CD137L-DC-EBV-VAX | EBV | Dendritic cells | Viral Ag | single treatment | Phase 1 | August–17 | 55/na | all | NCT03282617 | Recruiting |
3.2. Epstein–Barr Virus, EBV
3.3. Human Endogenous Retroviruses, HERV
4. Non-Viral Antigens
Neoantigens
Drug/Study | Target | Type | Antigen | Additional Drug | Study Phase | Study Start | Patients Estimated/Recruited | HNSCC Patients Enrolled | Study Identifier | Status | Immune Response | Clinical Response | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ras Peptide Vaccine | mutant Ras | peptide | shared mutation | aldesleukin, sargramostim | Phase 2 | October–97 | na | na | NCT00019331 | Completed | na | na | |
TP53 Peptide Pulsed DC | mutant TP53 | dentritic cells | shared mutation | single treatment | Phase 1 | September–05 | 50/17 | n = 17 | NCT00404339 | Completed | Decrease of Treg levels; vaccine-specific immunity | safe and promising clinical outcome | [109] |
MVA Vaccine Expressing TP53 | mutant TP53 | MVA | shared mutation | pembrolizumab | Phase 1 | November–15 | 19/12 | n = 1 | NCT02432963 | Active, not recruiting | increased p53 spec. T cells | 3/11 patients with stable disease | [118] |
TG4050 | individual mutanome | personalised MVA | neoantigen | single treatment | Phase 1 | December–19 | 30/na | na | NCT04183166 | Recruiting | na | na | |
VB10.NEO | individual mutanome | personalised DNA | neoantigen | bempegaldesleukin | Phase1/2 | April–18 | 65/na | n = 4 | NCT03548467 | Recruiting | na | 4 included HNSCC with stable disease | [81] |
RO7198457 | individual TAA | RNA | personalised TAA (up to 20) | atezolizumab | Phase 1 | December–17 | 770/572 | na | NCT03289962 | Recruiting | Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, peripheral T-cell response | well tolerated | [115] |
GL-0810 (HPV16) and GL-0817 (MAGE-A3) | MAGEA3 and HPV16 | peptide | Viral Ag/TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | na | na/16 | n = 16 | na | Completed | T-cell and antibody responses observed | well tolerated | [66] |
Trojan | MAGE-A3 and HPV16-E7 | peptide | Viral Ag and TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | November–05 | 90/5 | n = 5 | NCT00257738 | Completed | Induction of viral and CTA spec T cells | acceptable toxicity | [67] |
Biropepimut-S (GL-0817) | MAGE-A3 | peptide | TAA (CTA) | cyclophosphamid | Phase 2 | March–17 | na/80 | na | NCT02873819 | Active, not recruiting | |||
TBI-1201 | MAGEA4 | TCR T cell | TAA (CTA) | cyclophosphamide, fludarabine | Phase 1 | April–14 | 12/na | na | NCT02096614 | Unknown | na | na | |
NY-ESO-1 157-165V, 53-62 and 94-102 +CpG 7909 | NY-ESO-1 | peptide | TAA (CTA) | cyclophosphamid | Phase 1 | January–09 | 42/21 | na | NCT00819806 | Completed | na | na | |
NY-ESO-1b peptide + CpG 7909 | NY-ESO-1 | peptide | TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | September–03 | na/9 | na | NCT00199836 | Completed | na | na | |
mixed bacteria vaccine (MBV) | NY-ESO-1 | bacterial | TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | May–07 | 12/17 | n = 1 | NCT00623831 | Completed | NY-ESO-1 specific antibody and T-cell responses | na | [119] |
TBI-1301 | NY-ESO-1 | TCR T cell | TAA (CTA) | cyclophosphamide, fludarabine | Phase 1 | March–15 | 20/9 | na | NCT02366546 | Active, not recruiting | na | na | |
Anti-NY ESO-1 TCR-Transduced T cells | NY-ESO-1 | TCR T cell | TAA (CTA) | cyclophosphamide, fludarabine | Phase 1 | April–15 | 36/na | na | NCT02457650 | unknown | na | na | |
TAEST16001 | NY-ESO-1 | TCR T cell | TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 1 | April–17 | 20/6 | na | NCT03159585 | completed | na | na | |
Peptide vaccine | HLA-A24 epitopes derived from LY6K, CDCA1, and IMP3 | peptide | TAA (CTA) | single treatment | Phase 2 | August–20 | 40/37 | n = 37 | UMIN000008379 | Completed | Antigen-specific CTL responses | Improved DFS and increased OS | [120] |
p16 vaccine (P16_37-63) | p16 | peptide | TAA | single treatment | Phase 1/2 | August–11 | na/26 | n = 26 | NCT01462838 | Completed | Cellular and humoral immune responses | 14/20 tumour response and nine patients with stable disease | [121] |
MUC1 peptide plus Hiltonol (Poly ICLC) | MUC1 | peptide | TAA | tadalafil | Phase 1/2 | April–16 | 54/16 | n = 16 | NCT02544880 | Active, not recruiting | Anti-tumour immune response, decreased macrophages increased TIL | Well tolerated | [122] |
TRICOM-CEA(6D) infected DCs | CEA | dentritic cells | TAA | single treatment | Phase 1 | January–02 | na/14 | na | NCT00027534 | Completed | na | na | |
single treatment | Phase 1 | September–05 | na/24 | na | NCT00128622 | Completed | Depletion of Treg | na | [123] | ||||
CEA RNA-pulsed DC cancer vaccine | CEA | dentritic cells | TAA | single treatment | Phase 1 | February–97 | na/24 | na | NCT00004604 | Completed | na | na | |
INO-1400/1401 DNA vaccine | hTERT | DNA | TAA | INO-9012 (IL12 DNA vaccine) | Phase 1 | December–14 | 54/93 | na | NCT02960594 | Completed | na | na | |
VolATIL | hTERT | peptide | TAA | atezolizumab | Phase 2 | February–20 | 47/na | na | NCT03946358 | Recruiting | na | na | |
IDO vaccine (IO102) | IDO | peptide | TAA | single treatment | Phase 2 | June–20 | 11/na | all | NCT04445064 | Recruiting | na | na | |
CAdVEC | Her2 | CAR T cell | TAA | single treatment | Phase 1 | September–20 | 39/na | na | NCT03740256 | Not yet recruiting | na | na | |
CIMAVax Vaccine | EGF | peptide | Cytokine | nivolumab, pembrolizumab | Phase 1/2 | December–16 | 181/na | na | NCT02955290 | Recruiting | na | na |
5. Tumour-Associated Antigens (TAAs)
5.1. Cancer Testis Antigens
5.2. Other Tumour-Associated Antigens
5.3. Angiogenesis Targeted by Vaccination
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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von Witzleben, A.; Wang, C.; Laban, S.; Savelyeva, N.; Ottensmeier, C.H. HNSCC: Tumour Antigens and Their Targeting by Immunotherapy. Cells 2020, 9, 2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092103
von Witzleben A, Wang C, Laban S, Savelyeva N, Ottensmeier CH. HNSCC: Tumour Antigens and Their Targeting by Immunotherapy. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092103
Chicago/Turabian Stylevon Witzleben, Adrian, Chuan Wang, Simon Laban, Natalia Savelyeva, and Christian H. Ottensmeier. 2020. "HNSCC: Tumour Antigens and Their Targeting by Immunotherapy" Cells 9, no. 9: 2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092103