The AP2/ERF Gene Family in Triticum durum: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis under Drought and Salinity Stresses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Identification of TtAP2/ERF Genes in the Genome of Durum Wheat
2.2. Chromosomal Mapping, Gene Duplications, and Estimation of Ka/Ks Values of the Duplicated Pairs
2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis and Motif Recognition
2.4. Three-Dimensional Protein Modeling and Molecular Docking via Protein Pocket Sites
2.5. In Silico Expression Analysis of TtAP2/ERF Genes through RNA-seq Data
2.6. Plant Materials and Stress Treatments
2.7. RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR-Based Expression Assays of TtAP2s/ERFs
3. Results
3.1. Identification of TtAP2/ERF Genes and Their Chromosomal Positions in the Durum Wheat Genome
3.2. Conserved Amino Acid Residues in the DNA-Binding Domains of TtAP2/ERF Proteins
3.3. Phylogenetic Relationships and Conserved Motifs
3.4. Gene Ontology Annotations
3.5. Identification of Duplicated Gene Pairs with Estimation of Ka/Ks Ratios
3.6. Homology Modeling of TtAP2/ERF Proteins and Docking Assays of Their Pocket Sites
3.7. Assay of TtAP2s/ERFs Expression in Multiple Tissues and under Abiotic Stimuli via RNA-Seq
3.8. Identification Repression Motifs in TtAP2/ERFs
3.9. Expression Levels of TtAP2s/ERFs after Stimulus Exposure According to RT-qPCR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Faraji, S.; Filiz, E.; Kazemitabar, S.K.; Vannozzi, A.; Palumbo, F.; Barcaccia, G.; Heidari, P. The AP2/ERF Gene Family in Triticum durum: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis under Drought and Salinity Stresses. Genes 2020, 11, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121464
Faraji S, Filiz E, Kazemitabar SK, Vannozzi A, Palumbo F, Barcaccia G, Heidari P. The AP2/ERF Gene Family in Triticum durum: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis under Drought and Salinity Stresses. Genes. 2020; 11(12):1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121464
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaraji, Sahar, Ertugrul Filiz, Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar, Alessandro Vannozzi, Fabio Palumbo, Gianni Barcaccia, and Parviz Heidari. 2020. "The AP2/ERF Gene Family in Triticum durum: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis under Drought and Salinity Stresses" Genes 11, no. 12: 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121464
APA StyleFaraji, S., Filiz, E., Kazemitabar, S. K., Vannozzi, A., Palumbo, F., Barcaccia, G., & Heidari, P. (2020). The AP2/ERF Gene Family in Triticum durum: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis under Drought and Salinity Stresses. Genes, 11(12), 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121464