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Volume 11
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10.3390/genes11030317
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Review

Genes, Pathways, and Mechanisms Involved in the Virulence of Mucorales

by
Carlos Lax
,
Carlos Pérez-Arques
,
María Isabel Navarro-Mendoza
,
José Tomás Cánovas-Márquez
,
Ghizlane Tahiri
,
José Antonio Pérez-Ruiz
,
Macario Osorio-Concepción
,
Laura Murcia-Flores
,
Eusebio Navarro
,
Victoriano Garre
and
Francisco Esteban Nicolás
*
Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2020, 11(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030317
Submission received: 30 January 2020 / Revised: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 March 2020 / Published: 16 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Fungal Pathogens and Emerging Antifungal Resistance—A Global Public Health Problem?)
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Abstract

The order Mucorales is a group of ancient fungi with limited tools for gene manipulation. The main consequence of this manipulation unwillingness is the limited knowledge about its biology compared to other fungal groups. However, the emerging of mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by Mucorales, is attracting the medical spotlight in recent years because the treatments available are not efficient in reducing the high mortality associated with this disease. The result of this renewed interest in Mucorales and mucormycosis is an extraordinarily productive effort to unveil their secrets during the last decade. In this review, we describe the most compelling advances related to the genetic study of virulence factors, pathways, and molecular mechanisms developed in these years. The use of a few genetic study models has allowed the characterization of virulence factors in Mucorales that were previously described in other pathogens, such as the uptake iron systems, the mechanisms of dimorphism, and azole resistances. More importantly, recent studies are identifying new genes and mechanisms controlling the pathogenic potential of Mucorales and their interactions with the host, offering new alternatives to develop specific strategies against mucormycosis.
Keywords: Mucorales; mucormycosis; Mucor; Rhizopus; iron; dimorphism; calcineurin; PKA; RNAi; antifungal resistance; epimutant; azole; azole resistance; lanolase; host-pathogen interactions; CotH Mucorales; mucormycosis; Mucor; Rhizopus; iron; dimorphism; calcineurin; PKA; RNAi; antifungal resistance; epimutant; azole; azole resistance; lanolase; host-pathogen interactions; CotH

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lax, C.; Pérez-Arques, C.; Navarro-Mendoza, M.I.; Cánovas-Márquez, J.T.; Tahiri, G.; Pérez-Ruiz, J.A.; Osorio-Concepción, M.; Murcia-Flores, L.; Navarro, E.; Garre, V.; et al. Genes, Pathways, and Mechanisms Involved in the Virulence of Mucorales. Genes 2020, 11, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030317

AMA Style

Lax C, Pérez-Arques C, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Cánovas-Márquez JT, Tahiri G, Pérez-Ruiz JA, Osorio-Concepción M, Murcia-Flores L, Navarro E, Garre V, et al. Genes, Pathways, and Mechanisms Involved in the Virulence of Mucorales. Genes. 2020; 11(3):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030317

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lax, Carlos, Carlos Pérez-Arques, María Isabel Navarro-Mendoza, José Tomás Cánovas-Márquez, Ghizlane Tahiri, José Antonio Pérez-Ruiz, Macario Osorio-Concepción, Laura Murcia-Flores, Eusebio Navarro, Victoriano Garre, and et al. 2020. "Genes, Pathways, and Mechanisms Involved in the Virulence of Mucorales" Genes 11, no. 3: 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030317

APA Style

Lax, C., Pérez-Arques, C., Navarro-Mendoza, M. I., Cánovas-Márquez, J. T., Tahiri, G., Pérez-Ruiz, J. A., Osorio-Concepción, M., Murcia-Flores, L., Navarro, E., Garre, V., & Nicolás, F. E. (2020). Genes, Pathways, and Mechanisms Involved in the Virulence of Mucorales. Genes, 11(3), 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030317

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