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Review

The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods

1
Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Street 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
2
Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Genes 2021, 12(8), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081121
Submission received: 23 June 2021 / Revised: 20 July 2021 / Accepted: 22 July 2021 / Published: 24 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene Expression and Modification in Plant Organelles)

Abstract

Modifications in nucleic acids are present in all three domains of life. More than 170 distinct chemical modifications have been reported in cellular RNAs to date. Collectively termed as epitranscriptome, these RNA modifications are often dynamic and involve distinct regulatory proteins that install, remove, and interpret these marks in a site-specific manner. Covalent nucleotide modifications-such as methylations at diverse positions in the bases, polyuridylation, and pseudouridylation and many others impact various events in the lifecycle of an RNA such as folding, localization, processing, stability, ribosome assembly, and translational processes and are thus crucial regulators of the RNA metabolism. In plants, the nuclear/cytoplasmic epitranscriptome plays important roles in a wide range of biological processes, such as organ development, viral infection, and physiological means. Notably, recent transcriptome-wide analyses have also revealed novel dynamic modifications not only in plant nuclear/cytoplasmic RNAs related to photosynthesis but especially in chloroplast mRNAs, suggesting important and hitherto undefined regulatory steps in plastid functions and gene expression. Here we report on the latest findings of known plastid RNA modifications and highlight their relevance for the post-transcriptional regulation of chloroplast gene expression and their role in controlling plant development, stress reactions, and acclimation processes.
Keywords: chloroplast; RNA metabolism; epitranscriptome; RNA methylation; posttranscriptional regulation; development; acclimation; stress response chloroplast; RNA metabolism; epitranscriptome; RNA methylation; posttranscriptional regulation; development; acclimation; stress response

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MDPI and ACS Style

Manavski, N.; Vicente, A.; Chi, W.; Meurer, J. The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods. Genes 2021, 12, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081121

AMA Style

Manavski N, Vicente A, Chi W, Meurer J. The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods. Genes. 2021; 12(8):1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081121

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manavski, Nikolay, Alexandre Vicente, Wei Chi, and Jörg Meurer. 2021. "The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods" Genes 12, no. 8: 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081121

APA Style

Manavski, N., Vicente, A., Chi, W., & Meurer, J. (2021). The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods. Genes, 12(8), 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081121

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