THADA, SDHAF4, and MACF1 Gene Polymorphisms and Placental Expression in Women with Gestational Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.2. Determination of THADA rs7578597 T>C, SDHAF4 rs1048886 A>G, and MACF1 rs2296172 A>G Gene Polymorphisms
2.3. Determination of THADA, SDHAF4, and MACF1 Gene Expression in Placenta
2.3.1. RNA Isolation
2.3.2. Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (RQ-PCR)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Group | GDM | p Value ^ | OR (95% CI) | p Value ^ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||||
THADA rs7578597 genotype | ||||||||
TT | 289 | 83.05% | 229 | 84.19% | 0.89 | CC+TC vs. TT | 0.92 (0.60–1.41) | 0.70 |
TC | 57 | 16.38% | 42 | 15.44% | CC vs. TC+TT | 0.64 (0.06–7.08) | 0.71 | |
CC | 2 | 0.57% | 1 | 0.37% | CC vs. TT | 0.63 (0.06–7.00) | 0.71 | |
TC vs. TT | 0.93 (0.60–1.44) | 0.74 | ||||||
CC vs. TC | 0.68 (0.06–7.73) | 0.75 | ||||||
Allele | ||||||||
T | 635 | 91.24% | 500 | 91.91% | C vs. T | 0.92 (0.61–1.37) | 0.67 | |
C | 61 | 8.76% | 44 | 8.09% | ||||
SDHAF4 rs1048886 genotype | ||||||||
AA | 222 | 63.79% | 169 | 62.13% | 0.82 | GG+AG vs. AA | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 0.67 |
AG | 108 | 31.03% | 86 | 31.62% | GG vs. AG+AA | 1.22 (0.62–2.42) | 0.56 | |
GG | 18 | 5.17% | 17 | 6.25% | GG vs. AA | 1.24 (0.62–2.48) | 0.54 | |
AG vs. AA | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) | 0.80 | ||||||
GG vs. AG | 1.19 (0.58–2.44) | 0.64 | ||||||
Allele | ||||||||
A | 552 | 79.31% | 424 | 77.94% | G vs. A | 1.08 (0.83–1.43) | 0.56 | |
G | 144 | 20.69% | 120 | 22.06% | ||||
MACF1 rs2296172 genotype | ||||||||
AA | 217 | 62.25% | 163 | 60.00% | 0.85 | GG+AG vs. AA | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 0.57 |
AG | 114 | 32.85% | 95 | 34.81% | GG vs. AG+AA | 1.06 (0.51–2.19) | 0.87 | |
GG | 17 | 4.90% | 14 | 5.19% | GG vs. AA | 1.10 (0.53–2.29) | 0.80 | |
AG vs. AA | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 0.59 | ||||||
GG vs. AG | 1.00 (0.47–2.13) | 1.00 | ||||||
Allele | ||||||||
A | 548 | 78.74% | 421 | 77.39% | G vs. A | 1.08 (0.82–1.41) | 0.59 | |
G | 148 | 21.26% | 123 | 22.61% |
Parameters | THADA rs7578597 Genotype | ||
---|---|---|---|
TT | TC+CC | TT vs. TC+CC | |
Mean ± SD | p& | ||
Body mass before pregnancy (kg) | 73.2 ± 17.3 | 73.2 ± 14.2 | 0.82 |
Body mass at birth (kg) | 84.7 ± 15.8 | 85.6 ± 14.0 | 0.62 |
Body mass increase during pregnancy (kg) | 11.5 ± 7.2 | 12.5 ± 6.0 | 0.40 |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 6.1 | 26.1 ± 5.0 | 0.74 |
BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 30.9 ± 5.7 | 30.6 ± 4.5 | 0.88 |
BMI increase during pregnancy (kg/m2) | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | 0.61 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.8 ± 12.4 | 90.2 ± 7.2 | 0.14 |
Daily insulin requirement (unit) | 17.7 ± 30.1 | 16.6 ± 24.5 | 0.87 |
Newborn body mass (g) | 3262 ± 565 | 3360 ± 555 | 0.29 |
APGAR (0–10) | 9.3 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 1.2 | 0.43 |
Parameters | SDHAF4 rs1048886 Genotype | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA | AG | GG | AA vs. AG | AA vs. GG | AG vs. GG | |
Mean ± SD | p& | |||||
Body mass before pregnancy (kg) | 74.8 ± 17.4 | 69.7 ± 15.2 | 76.7 ± 17.9 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 0.16 |
Body mass at birth (kg) | 86.5 ± 16.0 | 81.1 ± 14.1 | 89.0 ± 14.9 | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.10 |
Body mass increase during pregnancy (kg) | 11.7 ± 7.3 | 11.3 ± 6.8 | 12.3 ± 6.2 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 0.55 |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 6.0 | 25.7 ± 5.7 | 27.9 ± 6.3 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.17 |
BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 5.5 | 29.9 ± 5.4 | 32.4 ± 5.4 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.07 |
BMI increase during pregnancy (kg/m2) | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | 4.5 ± 2.3 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.63 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 91.4 ± 10.3 | 93.5 ± 14.1 | 96.0 ± 10.7 | 0.69 | 0.16 | 0.23 |
Daily insulin requirement (unit) | 19.1 ± 32.8 | 14.9 ± 19.8 | 15.8 ± 30.2 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.50 |
Newborn body mass (g) | 3278 ± 575 | 3244 ± 536 | 3420 ± 575 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
APGAR (0–10) | 9.2 ± 1.2 | 9.3 ± 0.9 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 0.99 | 0.28 | 0.26 |
Parameters | MACF1 rs2296172 Genotype | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA | AG | GG | AA vs. AG | AA vs. GG | AG vs. GG | |
Mean ± SD | p& | |||||
Body mass before pregnancy (kg) | 73.0 ± 16.1 | 74.5 ± 18.5 | 70.4 ± 16.0 | 0.69 | 0.55 | 0.52 |
Body mass at birth (kg) | 85.3 ± 15.5 | 85.0 ± 16.2 | 81.2 ± 13.0 | 0.96 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
Body mass increase during pregnancy (kg) | 12.3 ± 7.2 | 10.5 ± 6.8 | 10.8 ± 6.4 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.82 |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 5.7 | 27.1 ± 6.4 | 26.0 ± 5.2 | 0.45 | 0.95 | 0.67 |
BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 30.9 ± 5.6 | 31.0 ± 5.7 | 30.0 ± 3.5 | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.55 |
BMI increase during pregnancy (kg/m2) | 4.5 ± 2.6 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 0.08 | 0.76 | 0.70 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.0 ± 11.4 | 92.8 ± 12.8 | 91.5 ± 6.1 | 0.65 | 0.99 | 0.80 |
Daily insulin requirement (unit) | 18.9 ± 33.2 | 16.3 ± 23.3 | 11.1 ± 10.8 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.93 |
Newborn body mass (g) | 3298 ± 529 | 3251 ± 591 | 3212 ± 767 | 0.68 | 0.94 | 0.91 |
APGAR (0–10) | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 1.1 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.77 |
Parameters Correlated with Placental Expression of THADA | Rs | p |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.33 | 0.10 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.05 | 0.82 |
Daily insulin requirement (unit) | 0.07 | 0.74 |
Body mass before pregnancy (kg) | 0.16 | 0.41 |
Body mass at birth (kg) | 0.25 | 0.21 |
Body mass increase during pregnancy (kg) | 0.29 | 0.14 |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.13 | 0.52 |
BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 0.16 | 0.42 |
BMI increase during pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.22 | 0.26 |
Newborn body mass (g) | 0.04 | 0.85 |
APGAR (0–10) | −0.12 | 0.56 |
Parameters Correlated with Placental Expression of SDHAF4 | Rs | p |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.26 | 0.18 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.16 | 0.42 |
Daily insulin requirement (unit) | 0.02 | 0.91 |
Body mass before pregnancy (kg) | 0.17 | 0.39 |
Body mass at birth (kg) | 0.22 | 0.28 |
Body mass increase during pregnancy (kg) | 0.11 | 0.59 |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.13 | 0.51 |
BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 0.14 | 0.48 |
BMI increase during pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.06 | 0.75 |
Newborn body mass (g) | −0.01 | 0.97 |
APGAR (0–10) | 0.02 | 0.91 |
Parameters Correlated with Placental Expression of MACF1 | Rs | p |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.06 | 0.77 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.09 | 0.66 |
Daily insulin requirement (unit) | −0.22 | 0.27 |
Body mass before pregnancy (kg) | 0.10 | 0.61 |
Body mass at birth (kg) | 0.20 | 0.31 |
Body mass increase during pregnancy (kg) | 0.18 | 0.38 |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | −0.03 | 0.87 |
BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 0.07 | 0.74 |
BMI increase during pregnancy (kg/m2) | 0.11 | 0.59 |
Newborn body mass (g) | 0.31 | 0.11 |
APGAR (0–10) | 0.24 | 0.22 |
THADA rs7578597 Genotype | SDHAF4 rs1048886 Genotype | MACF1 rs2296172 Genotype | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT | TC+CC | TT vs. TC+CC | AA | AG+GG | AA vs. AG+GG | AA | AG+GG | AA vs. AG+GG | |
Mean ± SD | p& | Mean ± SD | p& | Mean ± SD | p& | ||||
Control group | 0.0023 ± 0.0023 | 0.0028 ± 0.0021 | 0.46 | 0.050 ± 0.071 | 0.022 ± 0.0096 | 0.85 | 0.00023 ± 0.00029 | 0.00066 ± 0.0012 | 0.73 |
GDM | 0.0031 ± 0.0032 | 0.0038 ± 0.0029 | 0.59 | 0.022 ± 0.023 | 0.026±0.018 | 0.47 | 0.0037 ± 0.013 | 0.00079 ± 0.0023 | 0.13 |
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Ustianowski, P.; Malinowski, D.; Czerewaty, M.; Safranow, K.; Tarnowski, M.; Dziedziejko, V.; Pawlik, A. THADA, SDHAF4, and MACF1 Gene Polymorphisms and Placental Expression in Women with Gestational Diabetes. Genes 2023, 14, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010083
Ustianowski P, Malinowski D, Czerewaty M, Safranow K, Tarnowski M, Dziedziejko V, Pawlik A. THADA, SDHAF4, and MACF1 Gene Polymorphisms and Placental Expression in Women with Gestational Diabetes. Genes. 2023; 14(1):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010083
Chicago/Turabian StyleUstianowski, Przemysław, Damian Malinowski, Michał Czerewaty, Krzysztof Safranow, Maciej Tarnowski, Violetta Dziedziejko, and Andrzej Pawlik. 2023. "THADA, SDHAF4, and MACF1 Gene Polymorphisms and Placental Expression in Women with Gestational Diabetes" Genes 14, no. 1: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010083