The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Human Microbiome
3. Microbiome in Health and Disease
Metabolites | Functions |
---|---|
Polyamines, e.g., putrescine, spermidine, and spermine [74,75,76,77,78] |
|
Vitamins, e.g., thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), folate (B11–B9) biotin (B7), cobalamin (B12), and menaquinone (K2) [79,80] |
|
Phenolic derivatives, e.g., 4-OH phenyl acetic acid, equol, urolithins, enterolactone, enterodiol, 8-prenylnaringenin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acetic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, and 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) valeric acid [81,82,83] |
|
Choline metabolites, e.g., betaine and choline, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) [84,85] |
|
Bile acid metabolites, e.g., lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) [86] |
|
Indole derivatives, e.g., indole, indoxyl sulfate, and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) [87,88,89] |
|
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), e.g., acetate, butyrate, propionate, hexanoate, and valerate [89,90,91] |
|
4. Microbiome and Musculoskeletal Development
5. Gut Microbiota and Bone Health
6. Osteoporosis
7. Rheumatoid Arthritis
8. Sarcopenia
9. Osteoarthritis
10. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
11. Modic Changes
12. Scoliosis
13. Microbiome and Inflammatory Conditions
13.1. Septic Arthritis
13.2. Osteomyelitis
13.3. Post-Operative Infection
13.4. Discitis
13.5. Ankylosing Spondylitis
13.6. Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain
14. Potential Therapeutics Related to the Microbiome
15. Future Directions
16. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Population Size | Population Characteristics | Males:Females | Microbe | Musculoskeletal Disorder | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardoneanu et al. (2021) [24] | 60 | 32 healthy controls, 28 ankylosing spondylitis | 29:31 | Several microbes | Ankylosing Spondylitis | Decreased intestinal bacterial diversity ankylosing spondylitis patients compared to control |
Das et al. (2019) [17] | 181 | Older adults | 13:17 | Several microbes | Osteoporosis | Different gut microbiota profiles were found to be associated with osteopenic, osteoporotic, and normal bone mass density |
Fritzell et al. (2019) [25] | 60 | 40 adults with lumbar disc herniation/lower back pain, 20 control patients with scoliosis | 30:30 | Cutibacterium acnes | Degenerative disc | C. acnes found in discs and vertebrae during surgery for disc herniation |
Nilsson et al. (2018) [18] | 90 | Elderly women between the ages of 75 and 80 who have diminished bone mineral density | 0:90 | Lactobacillus reuteri | Osteoporosis | L. reuteri reduces total bone mass density compared to the placebo |
Rajasekaran et al. (2017) [26] | 22 | 15-disc herniations, 5- degenerate, 2-normal in MRI | 15:7 | Propionibacterium acnes | Proteome in intervertebral discs | Specific bacterial and host defense proteins were present in intervertebral discs |
Rajasekaran et al. (2019) [27] | 6 control discs, 5 degenerated discs | Group A (young 2nd–4th decades), Group B (aging. 5th–7th decade), Group C (degenerative discs) | 4:7 | --- | Degenerative Disc | Unique proteome signatures of bacteria in discs of young, aging, and degenerative discs |
Rajasekaran et al. (2020) [28] | 24 | 8- brain-dead but living organ donors had healthy MRI discs, 8 had herniated discs, 8-disc degeneration | 15:9 | Several microbes | Degenerative disc | Distinct microbiome profiles in patients with healthy disc, disc herniations, and degenerative disc |
Rao et al. (2020) [29] | 812 | NA | NA | Cutibacterium acnes | Degenerative disc | The research did not reveal any distinction in actual infection rates between the groups with non-degenerative and degenerative discs |
Rettedal et al. (2020) [30] | 86 | All postmenopausal women: 18 osteoporosis, 42 osteopenia, 26 healthy controls | 0:86 | Bacteroides | Osteoporosis | Bacteroides taxa were more abundant in both osteopenia and osteoporosis |
Scher et al. (2013) [31] | 114 | Rheumatoid Arthritis | 11:33 | Prevotella copri | Rheumatoid Arthritis | P. copri in stool is correlated with new onset untreated. rheumatoid arthritis |
Scher et al. (2016) [15] | 58 | Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Control | 43:25 | Pseudonocardia | Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sarcoidosis | The composition of gut microbiota in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis was significantly decreased and is less varied in comparison to individuals without health issues |
Wang et al. (2017) [19] | 18 | 6 adults with primary osteoporosis, 6 with primary osteopenia, and 6 normal controls | 3:15 | Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes | Osteoporosis | Osteoporosis individuals contained an increased proportion of Firmicutes phyla but decreased proportion of Bacteroidetes compared to the control |
Xu et al. (2020) [20] | 96 | 48 primary osteoporosis patients and 48 healthy | 37:59 | Faecalibacterium and dialister | Osteoporosis | Increase in abundance of Faecalibacterium and dialister in patients with primary Osteoporosis |
Author | Sample Size | Intervention | MSK Disorder | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
Guss et al. (2019) [32] | 6–7 mice per group, 2 groups | Oral antibiotics vs. untreated | Osteoporosis | The decrease in microbiota synthesized vitamin K from the antibiotics led to a decrease in bone matrix quality |
Guss et al. (2019) [32] | 10–11 mice group 2 groups | Toll-le mceptor-5 deficient mice | Osteoarthritis | Gut microbiome may influence cartilage pathology |
Hemandez et al. (2019) [33] | 82 (40 modified microbiome, 42 untreated) | A tibial implant made of titanium, along with the introduction of Staphylococcus aureus in the synovial space. | Periprosthetic joint infection | Gut microbiota may influence susceptibility to periprosthetic joint infection The composition of gut microbiota could impact one’s vulnerability to periprosthetic joint infection |
Li et al. (2016) [34] | 10 mice per group 2 groups | Control vs. Probiotics | Osteoporosis | The microbiota within the gut lumen and heightened gut permeability contribute to the initiation of inflammatory pathways that are essential in causing bone loss in mice lacking sex steroids |
Sjogren et al. (2012) [35] | 485 mice | Germ free mice vs conventionally raised mice | Osteoporosis | In mice, the gut microbiota manages bone density by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines in both bone and bone marrow. |
Wang et al. (2021) [36] | 12 mice per group, 4 groups | Control, Control + L. paracasei S16 probiotic, Lumbar Doc Herniation (LDH), LDH+ L. paracasei S16 probiotics | Lumbar Disc Herniation (Low Back Pain) | L. paracasei S16 has the potential to alleviate LDH symptoms through the reduction of inflammation, modifications in gut microbiota, and alterations in serum metabolite |
Yan et al. (2016) [37] | 6 mice | Control vs. Antibiotics | Osteoporosis | The gut microbiota negatively impacts bone health, likely through IGF-1 mediation, causing a net anabolic deficit |
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Aboushaala, K.; Wong, A.Y.L.; Barajas, J.N.; Lim, P.; Al-Harthi, L.; Chee, A.; Forsyth, C.B.; Oh, C.-d.; Toro, S.J.; Williams, F.M.K.; et al. The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders. Genes 2023, 14, 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14101937
Aboushaala K, Wong AYL, Barajas JN, Lim P, Al-Harthi L, Chee A, Forsyth CB, Oh C-d, Toro SJ, Williams FMK, et al. The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders. Genes. 2023; 14(10):1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14101937
Chicago/Turabian StyleAboushaala, Khaled, Arnold Y. L. Wong, Juan Nicolas Barajas, Perry Lim, Lena Al-Harthi, Ana Chee, Christopher B. Forsyth, Chun-do Oh, Sheila J. Toro, Frances M. K. Williams, and et al. 2023. "The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders" Genes 14, no. 10: 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14101937