Toward an Improved Understanding of the Marine Barium Cycle and the Application of Marine Barite as a Paleoproductivity Proxy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Barium Cycling: Processes in the Modern Ocean
2.1. Sources of Dissolved Barium to the Ocean
2.2. Barium Uptake and Release from Biogenic Material
2.3. Barite Formation in the Water Column
2.4. Barite Dissolution in Deep Water
2.5. Barite Preservation in Sediments
2.6. New Insights from Barium Isotopes
3. Marine Barite Accumulation in the Present and Past and the Global C Cycle
3.1. Relationship between Excess Barium Flux and C Export in the Water Column
3.2. Barite Accumulation in the Modern Ocean
3.3. Temporal Variability of Barite Accumulation and Implications for Carbon Export
4. Modeling the Marine Ba Cycle and Implications for Barite as a Paleoproductivity Proxy
4.1. Existing Models and Their Findings
4.2. A Reevaluation of the Box Model
Sensitivity to Changes in Ba Inputs
4.3. Implications, Limitations, and Future Works
5. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Equation |
---|---|
Changes in surface water Ba standing stock | |
Changes in deep water Ba standing stock | |
Ba concentration in surface water | |
Ba concentration in deep water | |
Downwelling flux | |
Upwelling flux | |
Particulate rain (Dickens et al. [27]) | |
Particulate rain (this study) | OR |
Dissolution flux | |
Burial flux |
Parameter | Description | Units | Standard Conditions |
---|---|---|---|
BaSh | Standing stock of Ba in surface water | Gmol | 3731 |
BaDp | Standing stock of Ba in deep water | Gmol | 140,148 |
FRiv | River/groundwater Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 14.75 |
FUp | Upwelling Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 128.15 |
FDw | Downwelling Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 39.80 |
FPR | Particulate rain Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 103.10 |
FDis | Benthic dissolution Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 85.00 |
FHyd | Hydrothermal Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 3.35 |
FCold | Cold seep Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 0.00 |
FBur | Burial Ba flux | Gmol/yr | 18.10 |
[Ba]Sh | Dissolved Ba in surface water | nmol/kgsw | 36 |
[Ba]Dp | Dissolved Ba in deep water | nmol/kgsw | 116 |
[Ba]Sat | Dissolved Ba at saturation | mol/kgsw | 330 |
C | Exchange of surface and deep water | kgsw/yr | 1.105 × 1018 |
D | Coefficient between dissolved Ba in shallow water and solid Ba in organic matter | kgsw/mol (carbon) | 3.8157 × 105 |
b | (this study) Linear constant relating FPR to POrg | unitless | 0.0137 |
e | (this study) Exponential constant relating FPR to POrg | unitless | 0.8554 |
Porg | Sinking organic carbon flux | Gmol/yr | 7500 |
f | Fraction of FPR buried (0–1) | unitless | 0.17556 |
k | “Time factor” for barite preservation (0–1) | unitless | 0.4994 |
MSh | Mass of surface water | kg | 1.04 × 1020 |
MDp | Mass of deep-water | kg | 1.21 × 1021 |
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Carter, S.C.; Paytan, A.; Griffith, E.M. Toward an Improved Understanding of the Marine Barium Cycle and the Application of Marine Barite as a Paleoproductivity Proxy. Minerals 2020, 10, 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050421
Carter SC, Paytan A, Griffith EM. Toward an Improved Understanding of the Marine Barium Cycle and the Application of Marine Barite as a Paleoproductivity Proxy. Minerals. 2020; 10(5):421. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050421
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarter, Samantha C., Adina Paytan, and Elizabeth M. Griffith. 2020. "Toward an Improved Understanding of the Marine Barium Cycle and the Application of Marine Barite as a Paleoproductivity Proxy" Minerals 10, no. 5: 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050421