An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Amphibolite-Type Ruby
2.1.2. Marble-Hosted Ruby
2.1.3. Metamorphic Blue Sapphires
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Trace Element Analysis
2.2.2. Radiogenic Isotope Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trace Elements
3.1.1. LA-ICP-MS
3.1.2. Solution ICP-MS
3.2. Radiogenic Isotopes
3.2.1. Sr Isotopic Composition
3.2.2. Pb Isotopic Composition
4. Discussion
4.1. Trace Elements
Comparison of Online and Offline Laser Ablation Approaches
4.2. Radiogenic Isotopes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Sample ID | Country of Origin | Location | Color | N |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amphibolite-type ruby deposits | ||||
MozX_X | Mozambique (MOZ) | Montepuez, Namahaca Deposit | Pale pink–red | 27 |
AD402, AD403, AD406-408, AD410, AD413, AD432, AD435, AD442 | Tanzania (TZA) | Winza | red | 10 |
1968, 1986, 1994, 1996, 2006, 2008, 2048, 2049 | Madagascar (MDG) | Andilamena/Zahamena mining area | Red–purplish red | 8 |
A-37145a–c, A-36928a–b, A-91729 | Madagascar (MDG) | Ampanihy, Toliara | red | 6 |
Marble-hosted ruby deposits | ||||
M_112701-1–4 1; M_110599-1–4 2; (M_42103-1–2, 0469, 2306, 2307, 9233, 9239) 3; M_107637 4; M_109274-1–4 5 | Myanmar (MMR) | Mandalay Region: 1 Sagyin, 2 Wet Loo, 3 Mogok Stone Tract, 4 Dattaw 5 Kachin State: Namya | Pink–red | 21 |
V-109310a–c, V-106502, V-109086, 0402, 1402, 2002, 2502, 3102, 4902, 6502, 7802, 8102, 8302 | Vietnam (VNM) | Luc Yen | Pink–red | 15 |
0902, 1059, 1064, 1088, 1117, 1902, 2707, 3202, 3802, 5402, 5602 | Afghanistan (AFG) | Jegdalek | Pinkish red–purplish red | 11 |
3748, 3751, 3753, 3755, 3760, 3797, 5202, 6402, 7902 | Tanzania (TZA) | Mahenge, Morogoro region | Red | 9 |
Blue sapphire deposits | ||||
(AD279, AD283, AD292, AD296) 1, (AD019, AD026, AD027, 4900) 2 | Madagascar (MDG) | 1 Andilamena/Andrebabe (NE), 2 Ilakaka (S) | Blue–dark blue | 8 |
0098, (5210,5159) 1, (AD721, AD773) 2, (AD725, AD727-730) 3 | Myanmar (MMR) | Mogok Stone Tract; 1 Baw Mar mine, 2 Kyatpyn, 3 Kin | Pale blue–blue | 10 |
1320, 1388, 6702, AD030, AD036, AD039, AD044, AD049, AD095 | Sri Lanka (LKA) | Elahera | Greyish blue–blue | 9 |
Element | LOQ | Element | LOQ | Element | LOQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25Mg | 378 | 64Zn | 136 | 141Pr | 0.59 |
29Si | 16266 | 65Cu | 78 | 146Nd | 2.55 |
39K | 322 | 71Ga | 20 | 165Ho | 0.37 |
43Ca | 34500 | 88Sr | 5.5 | 178Hf | 1.4 |
49Ti | 253 | 90Zr | 5.1 | 181Ta | 0.95 |
51V | 14 | 93Nb | 1.37 | 184W | 1.04 |
52Cr | 299 | 120Sn | 9.9 | 208Pb | 3.9 |
57Fe | 2530 | 139La | 0.81 | 232Th | 0.4 |
60Ni | 112 | 140Ce | 0.56 | 238U | 0.18 |
Sample | 25Mg | 49Ti | 51V | 52Cr | 57Fe | 60Ni | 64Zn | 71Ga |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amphibolite-type ruby deposits | ||||||||
MOZ n = 54 | 18–67 (38) | 21–104 (42) | 2.9–8.5 (4.1) | 1119–9190 (1812) | 688–1522 (1001) | 0.4–3.2 (1) | 0.3–5.6 (0.8) | 17–36 (22) |
TZA, Winza n = 19 | 6.4–128 (91) | 16–584 (99) | 0.9–8 (3.1) | 526–2850 (991) | 1648–3937 (3204) | 0.4–9.7 (6.6) | 0.2–1 (0.6) | 16–44 (34) |
MDG, Zahamena n = 13 | 48–103 (78) | 73–149 (109) | 29–59 (37) | 1782–8770 (2839) | 1878–3521 (2940) | 0.3–3.5 (0.8) | 0.3–1 (0.4) | 49–101 (64) |
MDG, Ampanihy n = 12 | 13–40 (27) | 21–86 (42) | 26–49 (32) | 1704–2679 (2189) | 2720–3560 (3095) | 0.5–2.7 (0.8) | 0.4–1.4 (0.8) | 84–112 (97) |
Marble-hosted ruby deposits | ||||||||
MMR n = 40 | 13–129 (61) | 35–207 (109) | 46–1074 (310) | 772–6850 (2352) | 23–267 (101) | 0.2–2.6 (0.6) | 0.2–1.8 (0.5) | 12–192 (131) |
VNM n = 39 | 12–161 (39) | 36–627 (126) | 8–480 (63) | 242–8190 (875) | 20–718 (122) | 0.1–3.9 (0.4) | 0.2–1.3 (0.4) | 9.3–133 (58) |
AFG n = 23 | 26–144 (59) | 47–367 (111) | 16–210 (82) | 1267–9507 (3145) | 41–679 (81) | 0.07–3.2 (0.6) | 0.2–1.9 (0.5) | 33–92 (48) |
TZA, Morogoro n = 19 | 42–162 (71) | 84–360 (126) | 15–212 (34) | 462–2319 (1207) | 128–1250 (449) | 0.08–1.7 (0.2) | 0.2–0.6 (0.4) | 42–117 (60) |
Blue Sapphire deposits | ||||||||
MDG, Andrebabe n = 7 | 6.4–44 (19) | 22–35 (26) | 1.8–7 (3.6) | 2.7–11 (5.4) | 2218–4975 (3460) | 0.2–4.2 (1.9) | 0.3–3.1 (1.3) | 125–216 (159) |
MDG, Ilakaka n = 6 | 21–133 (63) | 41–841 (164) | 12–34 (23) | 2.2–20 (6) | 804–2136 (924) | 0.09–0.4 (0.23) | 0.25–0.75 (0.5) | 50–233 (63) |
LKA n = 18 | 28–146 (63) | 50–283 (138) | 3.8–62 (9.4) | 0.9–4.9 (1.8) | 497–2402 (997) | 0.8–1.9 (0.33) | 0.1–0.9 (0.3) | 46–131 (97) |
MMR n = 20 | 5.8–77 (25) | 8.7–275 (59) | 0.5–27 (1.5) | 1.6–9.8 (2.6) | 1186–5617 (2040) | 0.4–3.2 (1) | 0.1–1.3 (0.5) | 51–193 (89) |
Sample | 87Sr/86Sr | 206Pb/204Pb | 207Pb/204Pb | 207Pb/206Pb | 208Pb/206Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amphibolite-type deposits | |||||
MOZ | 0.7075–0.72 91(n = 12) | 17.86–19.00 (n = 4) | 15.33–15.60 (n = 4) | 0.8305–0.8655 (n = 4) | 2.0292–2.0955 (n = 4) |
TZA, Winza | 0.7071–0.7101 (n = 4) | 16.88–17.57 (n = 3) | 15.57–15.62 (n = 3) | 0.8880–0.9223 (n = 4) | 2.1290–2.1786 (n = 3) |
MDG, Zahamena | 0.7115–0.7463 (n = 4) | 15.92–24.64 (n = 4) | 15.21–15.99 (n = 4) | 0.6488–0.9539 (n = 4) | 1.5866–2.8679 (n = 4) |
Marble-hosted deposits | |||||
MMR | 0.7059–0.7182 (n = 8) | 18.02–19.75 (n = 9) | 15.55–15.72 (n = 9) | 0.7959–0.8636 (n = 9) | 1.9643–2.1037 (n = 9) |
VNM | 0.7062–0.7066 (n = 3) | 18.11–19.08 (n = 3) | 15.50–15.64 (n = 3) | 0.8177–0.8558 (n = 3) | 2.0223–2.0819 (n = 3) |
AFG | 0.7059–0.7089 (n = 5) | 17.77–19.13 (n = 5) | 15.48–15.67 (n = 5) | 0.8196–0.9721 (n = 5) | 2.0090–2.1081 (n = 5) |
TZA, Morogoro | 0.7063–0.7093 (n = 5) | 17.38–35.86 (n = 4) | 15.39–16.57 (n = 4) | 0.4616–0.8858 (n = 4) | 1.0561–2.1320 (n = 4) |
Blue sapphire deposits | |||||
MDG, Andrebabe | 0.7066–0.7087 (n = 2) | 17.08–18.30 (n = 3) | 15.47–15.57 (n = 3) | 0.8505–0.9056 (n = 3) | 2.1113–2.1484 (n = 3) |
MDG, Ilakaka | 0.7156–0.7316 (n = 4) | 17.45–20.01 (n = 4) | 15.54–15.80 (n = 4) | 0.7895–0.8899 (n = 4) | 2.0243–2.5975 (n = 4) |
LKA | 0.7081–0.7316 (n = 7) | 17.24–20.69 (n = 7) | 15.49–15.95 (n = 7) | 0.7706–0.8974 (n = 7) | 1.8330–3.2644 (n = 7) |
MMR | 0.7098–0.7152 (n = 7) | 17.86–18.65 (n = 3) | 15.40–15.65 (n = 3) | 0.8381–0.8634 (n = 3) | 2.0629–2.0856 (n = 3) |
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Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 2020, 10, 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050447
Krebs MY, Hardman MF, Pearson DG, Luo Y, Fagan AJ, Sarkar C. An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals. 2020; 10(5):447. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050447
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrebs, Mandy Y., Matthew F. Hardman, David G. Pearson, Yan Luo, Andrew J. Fagan, and Chiranjeeb Sarkar. 2020. "An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions" Minerals 10, no. 5: 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050447