Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Physico-Chemical Characteristics
3.1.1. Colour
3.1.2. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) and Electrical Conductivity (EC)
3.1.3. Particle Size Distribution
3.1.4. Plasticity
3.2. Mineralogical Characteristics
3.2.1. Mineral Compositions
3.2.2. Kaolinite Thermal Evolution
3.2.3. Kaolinite Morphology
3.3. Chemical Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S/N | Basin | Formation | Age 1 | Deposit | Coordinates | Number of Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Eastern Dahomey | Abeokuta Group | Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) | Eruku (EP) Lakiri (LP) | 7°10′20″ N 3°15′0″ E 7°5′21″ N 3°27′26″ E | 9 samples from 3 profiles at 2 m intervals 6 samples from 2 profiles at 2 m intervals |
2 | Niger Delta | Ogwashi-Asaba | Paleogene/Neogene (Oligocene–Miocene) | Awo-Omama (AL) Ubulu-Uku (UL) | 5°39′23″ N 6°56′4″ E 6°24′0″ N 6°25′18″ E | 6 samples from 2 profiles at 1 m intervals 7 samples from 2 profiles at 1 m intervals |
Age | Deposit | Sample ID | Colour | pH | EC (μm/cm) | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cretaceous | Eruku | EP1 0 m | Light pink | 4.56 | 5.00 | 58 | 13 | 29 |
2 m | Light pink | 4.80 | 0.70 | 60 | 3 | 37 | ||
4 m | Light grey | 4.74 | 1.20 | 90 | 6 | 4 | ||
EP2 0 m | Reddish yellow | 4.73 | 8.10 | 60 | 8 | 32 | ||
2 m | Pinkish grey | 4.70 | 2.20 | 66 | 5 | 29 | ||
4 m | Reddish yellow | 4.68 | 0.70 | 74 | 7 | 19 | ||
EP3 0 m | Pinkish grey | 4.87 | 0.60 | 55 | 6 | 39 | ||
2 m | Pinkish grey | 4.27 | 0.20 | 63 | 14 | 23 | ||
4 m | Light grey | 4.50 | 3.30 | 78 | 7 | 15 | ||
Lakiri | LP1 0 m | Pinkish white | 5.21 | 2.20 | 68 | 12 | 20 | |
2 m | Pale red | 4.70 | 8.40 | 78 | 4 | 18 | ||
4 m | Pinkish grey | 4.73 | 2.90 | 85 | 10 | 5 | ||
LP2 0 m | Pale red | 4.78 | 9.10 | 76 | 12 | 12 | ||
2 m | Light grey | 4.94 | 0.50 | 79 | 7 | 14 | ||
4 m | Light grey | 4.35 | 1.10 | 84 | 9 | 7 | ||
Paleogene/Neogene | Awo-Omama | AL1 0 m | Pale red | 4.63 | 0.30 | 60 | 7 | 33 |
1 m | Pale red | 4.88 | 13.1 | 58 | 10 | 32 | ||
2 m | Pale red | 4.68 | 4.30 | 55 | 12 | 33 | ||
AL2 0 m | Pale red | 4.69 | 0.20 | 56 | 4 | 40 | ||
1 m | Pinkish grey | 4.92 | 1.50 | 64 | 5 | 31 | ||
2 m | Pale red | 4.96 | 0.40 | 68 | 4 | 28 | ||
Ubulu-Uku | UL1 0 m | Pale red | 4.50 | 1.10 | 68 | 8 | 24 | |
1 m | Light brown | 4.62 | 1.30 | 73 | 9 | 18 | ||
2 m | Pale red | 4.27 | 4.40 | 64 | 3 | 33 | ||
UL2 0 m | Pale red | 4.84 | 0.70 | 68 | 1 | 31 | ||
1 m | Pinkish grey | 5.29 | 3.90 | 68 | 8 | 24 | ||
2 m | Pale red | 5.15 | 9.70 | 43 | 11 | 46 | ||
3 m | Reddish brown | 4.70 | 1.10 | 60 | 8 | 32 |
Age | Deposit | Sample ID | LL | PL | PI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cretaceous | Eruku | EP1 | 48 | 29 | 19 |
EP2 | 51 | 38 | 13 | ||
EP3 | 49 | 32 | 17 | ||
Lakiri | LP1 | 33 | 18 | 15 | |
LP2 | 48 | 28 | 20 | ||
Paleogene/Neogene | Awo-Omama | AL1 | 43 | 32 | 11 |
AL2 | 56 | 34 | 22 | ||
Ubulu-Uku | UL1 | 23 | 13 | 10 | |
UL2 | 45 | 34 | 11 |
Age | XRD (wt%) | DTA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kao | Qtz | Ana | Hem | Mus | Goe | Dht (°C) | MFt (°C) | TWL (%) | ||
Cretaceous | Average | 83 | 21 | 1 | - | 5 | 1 | 511 | 981.9 | 13.6 |
(n = 15) | Max | 99 | 57 | 2 | - | 9 | 1 | 517 | 985 | 14.4 |
Min | 49 | 1 | 1 | tr | 1 | 1 | 488 | 980 | 13.1 | |
Paleogene/Neogene | Average | 62 | 37 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 505 | 964.3 | 12.2 |
(n = 13) | Max | 93 | 74 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 514 | 970 | 13.8 |
Min | 25 | 6 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 500 | 951 | 10.7 |
Deposit | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | MgO | Na2O | SiO2 | TiO2 | LOI | SiO2/Al2O3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eruku | Min | 11.44 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 47.22 | 1.07 | 4.03 | 1.29 |
(n = 9) | Max | 36.64 | 0.03 | 5.04 | 0.65 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 80.30 | 2.84 | 12.89 | 7.02 |
Average | 28.25 | 0.02 | 2.56 | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 56.82 | 2.10 | 10.00 | 2.33 | |
Lakiri | Min | 21.40 | 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.06 | bdl | 0.01 | 44.63 | 1.14 | 7.42 | 1.13 |
(n = 6) | Max | 39.50 | 0.02 | 2.70 | 0.56 | bdl | 0.04 | 69.60 | 2.00 | 13.92 | 3.25 |
Average | 35.55 | 0.02 | 1.09 | 0.20 | bdl | 0.02 | 49.64 | 1.60 | 12.57 | 1.53 | |
Awo-Omama | Min | 7.16 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 50.11 | 0.83 | 2.83 | 1.56 |
(n = 6) | Max | 32.09 | 0.04 | 4.24 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 87.99 | 1.99 | 11.97 | 12.29 |
Average | 18.02 | 0.03 | 2.42 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 71.04 | 1.35 | 6.87 | 5.69 | |
Ubulu-Uku | Min | 17.80 | 0.01 | 4.63 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 54.63 | 1.67 | 6.81 | 2.08 |
(n = 7) | Max | 26.83 | 0.02 | 8.30 | 0.60 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 67.63 | 2.38 | 10.02 | 3.80 |
Average | 22.65 | 0.02 | 6.34 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 59.95 | 2.03 | 8.71 | 2.76 | |
SCGK 1 | Average | 38.38 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 45.30 | 1.44 | 13.97 | 1.18 |
HPNGK 1 | Average | 39.50 | 0.03 | 1.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 44.00 | 2.43 | 13.90 | 1.11 |
SLCEPNCK 1 | Average | 38.03 | 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 46.56 | 0.78 | 13.80 | 1.22 |
Paper Coating 2 | Min | 36 | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | - | - | 45 | 0.5 | - | - |
Max | 38 | - | 1.00 | 1.50 | - | - | 49.00 | 1.30 | - | - | |
Paper Filler 2 | Min | 37 | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | - | - | 46 | 0.5 | - | - |
Max | 38 | - | 1.00 | 1.50 | - | - | 48.00 | 1.50 | - | - | |
Ceramics 2 | Min | 36 | - | 0.6 | 1.2 | - | - | 45 | 0.02 | 11.2 | - |
Max | 38 | - | 1.00 | 2.70 | - | - | 50.00 | 0.10 | 12.50 | - | |
Pharm. & | Min | 38.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 44.6 | 0 | 13.8 | - |
Cosmetics 2 | Max | 39.5 | 0.2 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 46.40 | 1.40 | 13.90 | - |
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Oyebanjo, O.; Ekosse, G.-I.; Odiyo, J. Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications. Minerals 2020, 10, 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080670
Oyebanjo O, Ekosse G-I, Odiyo J. Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications. Minerals. 2020; 10(8):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080670
Chicago/Turabian StyleOyebanjo, Olaonipekun, Georges-Ivo Ekosse, and John Odiyo. 2020. "Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications" Minerals 10, no. 8: 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080670