The Rheological Properties and Strength Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill with Air-Entraining Agent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Gangue
2.1.2. Cement
2.1.3. Fly Ash
2.1.4. Air-Entraining Agents
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. Experimental Design
2.2.2. Slurry Mixing
- (a)
- Weighing of the raw materials according to the design table,
- (b)
- Pouring the solid material into the mixing vessel and mixing it at 75 r/min for 2 min,
- (c)
- Pouring water into the mixing vessel and mixing it at 75 r/min for 5 min,
- (d)
- Pouring the AEA solution into the slurry and mixing it at 58 r/min for 2 min. The lower speed is to make the bubbles in the paste more stable.
2.2.3. Air Content Test
- (a)
- After the calibration of the air content tester, fill the container with the slurry and vibrate it for 15–30 s until there are no bubbles.
- (b)
- Cover the lid, tighten the clamp, and open the exhaust valve. Fill the container with water until the air outlet flows.
- (c)
- Close the water injection valve and exhaust valve, open the air inlet valve, and pressurize the container to 0.1 MPa.
- (d)
- Press the valve lever 1–2 times and read out the pressure value and the air content value.
2.2.4. Slump and Expansion Test
2.2.5. Viscosity and Yield Stress Test
2.2.6. UCS Test
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Air Content
3.2. Slump and Expansion
3.3. Yield Stress and Viscosity
3.4. Strength
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- AEA can form a large number of small-volume air bubbles in fresh slurry. The air content in the slurry decreases with time. With AEA content was 0 in the control group, and the highest air content of A was 109% of it, 319% for B, and 144% for C. However, the increase in air content has a limited effect. Compared to an AEA air content of 0.9‰, when the AEA content is 1.2‰, the air content of A is 85% of its highest value, 94% of that of B, and 96% of that of C. This may be because the number of air bubbles that can be accommodated reaches the upper limit, with too many tiny air bubbles combining to form large air bubbles that break easily.
- (2)
- AEA increases the slump and expansion of the fresh slurry. As the AEA content increases, the slump of the slurry also increased. Compared with an AEA content of 0, the slump of A increased by 12mm when the AEA content was 1.2, that of B increased by 14mm, and that of C increased by 10mm, which indicated that the slump of the slurry was improved by adding AEA. With the increase in the AEA content, the expansion of the slurry also increased. With the same AEA content (all 1.2), the expansion of B was 581 mm, that of A was 574 mm, and that of C was 517 mm. This indicates that B improved the expansion of the slurry the most. In characterizing the flowability of the slurry, the results of the expansiveness coincide with the slump results. The larger the value tested, the better the material will flow. This is probably because AEA increases the number of tiny bubbles in the slurry, resulting in the improved flowability of the slurry.
- (3)
- AEA can reduce the viscosity and yield stress of the slurry. With the addition of AEA, both the viscosity and yield stress of the slurry decreased. In other words, AEA can improve the flow characteristics of fresh slurry. These results also prove the results of the slump and expansion tests.
- (4)
- AEA reduces the strength of the paste backfill sample, but it does not reduce it much. When the B content was 1.2‰, the strength of the samples after 28 days of maintenance was reduced by 25.6%. According to the analysis of the strength test results, the number and volume of bubbles increase as the AEA content increases, which means that the voids inside the samples increase and cause the strength of the samples to decrease.
- (5)
- Considering the above experimental results and analysis, the strength requirement of the paste for the Linxi mine is 3 MPa. The final dosage of 0.9‰ B is the best choice, as it can change the flowability of the paste better and reduce the pipeline transportation resistance and transportation energy consumption. At the same time, the reduction in strength is also acceptable.
- (6)
- Further research is encouraged in the following areas:
- (a)
- The mechanism of AEA affecting the flow properties and strength characteristics of paste made with gangue, fly ash, and cement should be studied using micro-experimental techniques.
- (b)
- The effects of physical and chemical properties of gangue on the bubble shape and size distribution should be determined.
- (c)
- Applicability of laboratory-scale results to field conditions should be considered.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | Al2O3 | SiO2 | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | Fe2O3 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | 23.43 | 41.86 | 0.82 | 23.74 | 1.36 | 5.09 | 100 |
Density (kgm−3) | Chemical Composition (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | Others | |
3120 | 65.08 | 22.36 | 5.53 | 3.46 | 1.27 | 2.30 |
Chemical Composition | Al2O3 | SiO2 | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | Fe2O3 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | 31.89 | 56.89 | 1.39 | 1.84 | 1.95 | 5.38 | 100 |
Groups | Cement (%) | Fly Ash (%) | Gangue (%) | Density (%) | H (‰) | AEA (‰) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | ||||||
G-1 | 12 | 20.5 | 42.7 | 75.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
G-2 | 12 | 20.5 | 42.7 | 75.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
G-3 | 12 | 20.5 | 42.7 | 75.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
G-4 | 12 | 20.5 | 42.7 | 75.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
G-5 | 12 | 20.5 | 42.7 | 75.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Groups | AEA | Dosage (‰) | Air Content (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | |||
G-1 | A | 0.0 | 1.220 | 1.215 | 1.223 | 1.220 | 1.224 |
G-2 | 0.3 | 1.680 | 1.455 | 1.363 | 1.378 | 1.326 | |
G-3 | 0.6 | 1.946 | 1.771 | 1.611 | 1.565 | 1.505 | |
G-4 | 0.9 | 2.326 | 2.185 | 1.785 | 1.845 | 1.707 | |
G-5 | 1.2 | 1.977 | 1.968 | 1.864 | 1.737 | 1.689 | |
G-6 | B | 0.0 | 1.220 | 1.215 | 1.223 | 1.220 | 1.224 |
G-7 | 0.3 | 1.877 | 1.512 | 1.561 | 1.434 | 1.22 | |
G-8 | 0.6 | 2.282 | 2.181 | 2.189 | 1.969 | 1.876 | |
G-9 | 0.9 | 3.87 | 3.497 | 3.296 | 3.125 | 2.865 | |
G-10 | 1.2 | 3.664 | 3.206 | 2.987 | 2.983 | 2.975 | |
G-11 | C | 0.0 | 1.220 | 1.215 | 1.223 | 1.220 | 1.224 |
G-12 | 0.3 | 1.404 | 1.275 | 1.236 | 1.210 | 1.230 | |
G-13 | 0.6 | 1.514 | 1.426 | 1.443 | 1.419 | 1.385 | |
G-14 | 0.9 | 1.768 | 1.650 | 1.581 | 1.572 | 1.570 | |
G-15 | 1.2 | 1.696 | 1.621 | 1.591 | 1.578 | 1.571 |
Groups | Dosage (‰) | Slump (mm) | ||
A | B | C | ||
G-1 | 0.0 | 255 | 255 | 255 |
G-2 | 0.3 | 260 | 259 | 259 |
G-3 | 0.6 | 262 | 262 | 259 |
G-4 | 0.9 | 265 | 267 | 263 |
G-5 | 1.2 | 267 | 269 | 265 |
Groups | Dosage (‰) | Expansion (mm) | ||
A | B | C | ||
G-1 | 0.0 | 451 | 451 | 451 |
G-2 | 0.3 | 486 | 456 | 462 |
G-3 | 0.6 | 519.5 | 498 | 487 |
G-4 | 0.9 | 568 | 573.5 | 512 |
G-5 | 1.2 | 574 | 581 | 517 |
Groups | AEA | Dosage (‰) | Regression Equation | R2 | Yield Stress (Pa) | Viscosity (Pa·s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G-1 | A | 0.0 | y = 1.81x + 147.23 | 0.9327 | 147.23 | 1.81 |
G-2 | 0.3 | y = 1.79x + 140.38 | 0.9486 | 140.38 | 1.79 | |
G-3 | 0.6 | y = 1.67x + 130.57 | 0.9883 | 130.57 | 1.67 | |
G-4 | 0.9 | y = 1.59x + 131.46 | 0.9782 | 131.46 | 1.59 | |
G-5 | 1.2 | y = 1.65x + 137.95 | 0.9892 | 137.95 | 1.65 | |
G-6 | B | 0.0 | y = 1.81x + 147.23 | 0.9327 | 147.23 | 1.81 |
G-7 | 0.3 | y = 1.71x + 138.37 | 0.9785 | 138.37 | 1.71 | |
G-8 | 0.6 | y = 1.76x + 131.52 | 0.9823 | 131.52 | 1.76 | |
G-9 | 0.9 | y = 1.68x + 124.58 | 0.9864 | 124.58 | 1.68 | |
G-10 | 1.2 | y = 1.61x + 119.95 | 0.9654 | 119.95 | 1.61 | |
G-11 | C | 0.0 | y = 1.81x + 147.23 | 0.9327 | 147.23 | 1.81 |
G-12 | 0.3 | y = 1.76x + 141.88 | 0.9625 | 141.88 | 1.76 | |
G-13 | 0.6 | y = 1.71x + 136.29 | 0.9731 | 136.29 | 1.71 | |
G-14 | 0.9 | y = 1.70x + 137.63 | 0.9283 | 137.63 | 1.70 | |
G-15 | 1.2 | y = 1.68x + 128.81 | 0.9582 | 128.81 | 1.68 |
Groups | AEA | Dosage (‰) | Strength (MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3d | 7d | 28d | |||
G-1 | A | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
G-2 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.7 | |
G-3 | 0.6 | 1.85 | 2.6 | 3.45 | |
G-4 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | |
G-5 | 1.2 | 1.75 | 2.1 | 2.7 | |
G-6 | B | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
G-7 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.6 | |
G-8 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.3 | |
G-9 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.2 | |
G-10 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | |
G-11 | C | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
G-12 | 0.3 | 1.75 | 2.9 | 3.7 | |
G-13 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.3 | |
G-14 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.9 | |
G-15 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.75 |
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Yang, B.; Wang, X.; Yin, P.; Gu, C.; Yin, X.; Yang, F.; Li, T. The Rheological Properties and Strength Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill with Air-Entraining Agent. Minerals 2022, 12, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111457
Yang B, Wang X, Yin P, Gu C, Yin X, Yang F, Li T. The Rheological Properties and Strength Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill with Air-Entraining Agent. Minerals. 2022; 12(11):1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111457
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Baogui, Xiaolong Wang, Peng Yin, Chengjin Gu, Xindong Yin, Faguang Yang, and Tao Li. 2022. "The Rheological Properties and Strength Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill with Air-Entraining Agent" Minerals 12, no. 11: 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111457
APA StyleYang, B., Wang, X., Yin, P., Gu, C., Yin, X., Yang, F., & Li, T. (2022). The Rheological Properties and Strength Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill with Air-Entraining Agent. Minerals, 12(11), 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111457