Does Soil Drying in a Lab Affect Arsenic Speciation in Strongly Contaminated Soils?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
- -
- immediately, in fresh samples (F);
- -
- in oven-dried samples (O);
- -
- and in air-dried samples (A).
2.2. Soil Material
2.3. Manure
2.4. Single and Sequential Extractions
2.5. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Arsenic Released in Single Extractions from Nonamended Soils
3.2. Arsenic Released in Single Extractions from Manure-Amended Soils
3.3. The Effects of Soil Amendment with Manure and Drying on As Fractionation in SE
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | Unit | Soil 1 | Soil 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Textural group (USDA) | - | Sandy loam | Loamy sand |
<0.002 mm | % | 6 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 |
Corg | g/kg | 26.5 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.3 |
DOC | g/kg | 0.69 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.03 |
pH (1 M KCl) | - | 6.30 ± 0.05 | 7.55 ± 0.10 |
CaCO3 | % | absent | 2.0 ± 0.3 |
As total | mg/kg | 4620 ± 180 | 7950 ± 140 |
Water-extractable As | mg/kg | 24 ± 4 | 29 ± 5 |
1 M NH4NO3-extractable As | mg/kg | 19 ± 1 | 21 ± 1 |
0.43 M HNO3-extractable As | mg/kg | 2950 ± 120 | 3250 ± 110 |
Fraction | Extractant | Extraction Conditions | Soil: Solution Ratio (m:v) | Washing Step |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 * | 0.05 M (NH4)2SO4 | 4 h shaking, 20 °C | 1:25 | - |
F2 | 0.05 M (NH4)H2PO4 | 16 h shaking, 20 °C | 1:25 | - |
F3 |
0.2 M
NH4-oxalate buffer; pH 3.25 |
4 h shaking in the dark, 20 °C | 1:25 |
0.2 M
NH4-oxalate, pH 3.25: m:v 1:12.5; 10 min shaking in the dark |
F4 |
0.2 M
NH4-oxalate buffer + 0.1 M ascorbic acid; pH 3.25 |
30 min in a water bath, 96 ± 3 °C, in the light | 1:25 |
0.2 M
NH4-oxalate, pH 3.25: m:v 1:12.5; 10 min shaking in the dark |
F5 | HCl:HNO3 (3:1) | Microwave digestion | 1:50 | - |
Incubation Time | Redox Potential, Eh, mV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil 1 (0) | Soil 1 (M) | Soil 2 (0) | Soil 2 (M) | |
7 d | 95 ± 10 | −36 ± 8 | 165 ± 7 | −7 ± 6 |
21 d | −53 ± 12 | −160 ± 21 | −97 ± 13 | −134 ± 18 |
Method of Drying | Incubation Time | Reduction of As Extractability, % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil 1 | Soil 2 | ||||||
1 M NH4NO3 | H2O | 0.05 M (NH4)2SO4 (F1 in SE) | 1 M NH4NO3 | H2O | 0.05 M (NH4)2SO4 (F1 in SE) | ||
Oven | 7 d | 5 | 14 | 7 | 30 | 19 | 16 |
21 d | 34 | 26 | 21 | 15 | 21 | 10 | |
Air | 7 d | 41 | 36 | 27 | 30 | 9 | 23 |
21 d | 41 | 41 | 22 | 37 | 18 | 23 |
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Karczewska, A.; Dradrach, A.; Gałka, B.; Szopka, K. Does Soil Drying in a Lab Affect Arsenic Speciation in Strongly Contaminated Soils? Minerals 2022, 12, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020223
Karczewska A, Dradrach A, Gałka B, Szopka K. Does Soil Drying in a Lab Affect Arsenic Speciation in Strongly Contaminated Soils? Minerals. 2022; 12(2):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020223
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarczewska, Anna, Agnieszka Dradrach, Bernard Gałka, and Katarzyna Szopka. 2022. "Does Soil Drying in a Lab Affect Arsenic Speciation in Strongly Contaminated Soils?" Minerals 12, no. 2: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020223