The Migration of Cd in Granitic Residual Soil and Marine Clay: Batch and Column Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. Adsorption Test
2.3.1. Batch Equilibrium Test
2.3.2. Column Infiltration Test
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Soil Characterizations
3.2. Batch Equilibrium Study
3.3. Column Infiltration
3.3.1. Migration Profiles
3.3.2. Effect of G-Force
3.3.3. The Effect of Soil Thickness
3.3.4. Buffering Capacity
3.3.5. Partition Coefficient (Kd)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Soil Weight (g) | Soil Thickness (mm) | Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Speed (rpm) | G-Force (g) | Spinning Time (min) | |||
BGR/KGR | 10 | 10 | 1500 | 520 | 30 |
20 | 20 | 2500 | 1440 | 60 | |
SBMC1/SBMC2 | 10 | 14 | 1500 | 520 | 80 |
20 | 28 | 2500 | 1440 | 180 |
Properties | BGR | KGR | SBMC1 | SBMC2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sand (%) | 60.0 ± 3.16 | 51.0 ± 2.83 | 3.6 ± 2.65 | 12.0 ± 3.29 |
Silt (%) | 37.2 ± 3.25 | 44.6 ± 3.2 | 80.8 ± 4.66 | 71.0 ± 3.85 |
Clay (%) | 2.8 ± 1.94 | 4.4 ± 1.50 | 15.6 ± 3.01 | 17.0 ± 2.61 |
USCS classification | Sandy silt | Sandy elastic silt | Sandy elastic silt | Sandy elastic silt |
USCS symbol | ML | MH | MH | MH |
Plastic Limit (%) | 38.37 ± 0.25 | 35.57 ± 0.60 | 55.83 ± 3.72 | 47.39 ± 1.47 |
Liquid Limit (%) | 49.06 ± 0.56 | 51.12 ± 0.37 | 82.16 ± 1.84 | 75.80 ± 2.01 |
Plasticity Index (%) | 10.69 ± 0.70 | 15.55 ± 0.54 | 26.33 ± 5.20 | 28.41 ± 2.25 |
Plasticity Chart | Intermediate | High | Very high | Very high |
Specific Gravity | 2.54 ± 0.03 | 2.54 ± 0.07 | 2.23 ± 0.05 | 2.29 ± 0.05 |
Max Dry Density, ρdmax (g/cm3) | 1.71 ± 0.05 | 1.70 ± 0.01 | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.01 |
Optimum Moisture Content, Wopt (%) | 18.57 ± 0.03 | 14.26 ± 2.58 | 36.56 ± 3.99 | 25.95 ± 1.61 |
Permeability (m/s) | 2.08 × 10−6 | 1.43 × 10−6 | 6.56 × 10−7 | 5.64 × 10−7 |
pH | 5.45 ± 0.08 | 5.63 ± 0.16 | 7.22 ± 0.16 | 7.59 ± 0.06 |
Organic Matter (%) | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 5.79 ± 0.26 | 5.72 ± 0.53 |
SSA (m2/g) | 19.73 ± 1.64 | 26.36 ± 0.45 | 61.36 ± 0.86 | 73.73 ± 4.70 |
CEC (meq/100 g) | 1.06 ± 0.23 | 1.33 ± 1.01 | 91.81 ± 0.44 | 76.91 ± 1.08 |
Adsorption Isotherm | BGR | KGR | SBMC1 | SBMC2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linear Equation | Kd (L/g) | 0.0062 | 0.0042 | 0.0703 | 0.3544 |
R2 | 0.9723 | 0.978 | 0.9701 | 0.9614 | |
Langmuir Equation | KL (L/g) | 0.0780 | 0.1378 | 0.0120 | 0.1236 |
Am (mg/g) | 0.5590 | 0.4824 | 8.5799 | 6.4771 | |
R2 | 0.8539 | 0.9398 | 0.8761 | 0.8964 | |
RL | 0.0267 0.2544 | 0.0089 0.5520 | 0.5375 1.0000 | 0.3638 1.0000 | |
Freundlich Equation | KF (L/g) | 0.0137 | 0.0454 | 0.1539 | 0.8202 |
1/n | 0.8343 | 0.5503 | 0.7805 | 0.6340 | |
R2 | 0.9266 | 0.9266 | 0.9641 | 0.9813 |
Soils | Batch, Kd (L/Kg) | Column (20 g) Kd (L/Kg) | |
---|---|---|---|
1500 rpm/52 | 2500 rpm/1440 | ||
BGR | 6.20 | 0.88 | 0.45 |
KGR | 4.20 | 0.59 | 0.28 |
SBMC1 | 70.30 | 10.40 | 8.06 |
SBMC2 | 354.40 | 23.58 | 21.60 |
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Zarime, N.A.; Solemon, B.; Wan Yaacob, W.Z.; Che Omar, R. The Migration of Cd in Granitic Residual Soil and Marine Clay: Batch and Column Studies. Minerals 2022, 12, 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091106
Zarime NA, Solemon B, Wan Yaacob WZ, Che Omar R. The Migration of Cd in Granitic Residual Soil and Marine Clay: Batch and Column Studies. Minerals. 2022; 12(9):1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091106
Chicago/Turabian StyleZarime, Nur Aishah, Badariah Solemon, Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob, and Rohayu Che Omar. 2022. "The Migration of Cd in Granitic Residual Soil and Marine Clay: Batch and Column Studies" Minerals 12, no. 9: 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091106