Stable Isotopic, Micro-FTIR, and Geochemical Characteristics of the Permian Madzaringwe Shale of Tuli Basin, South Africa: Implications for Organic-Rich Shale Provenance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Paleo-Redox Condition of the Depositional Environment
5.2. Hydrothermal Activity and Paleo-Productivity
5.3. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Potentials
5.4. Stable Isotopic Signatures of an Anoxic Depositional Environment
5.5. Comparison of the Permian Madzaringwe Shale with Selected Permian Southern Gondwana Basin
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ID | Depth (m) | Major Oxides Composition (%) | LOI (%) | K2O /Al2O3 | Fe/(Fe + Mg) | ICV | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | MgO | MnO | Na2O | P2O5 | SiO2 | TiO2 | ||||||
SD1 | 485 | 29.17 | 0.28 | 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 52.26 | 1.19 | 15.04 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD2 | 490 | 29.24 | 0.28 | 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 52.45 | 1.19 | 15.11 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD3 | 510 | 29.16 | 0.28 | 1.13 | 0.98 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 52.18 | 1.20 | 15.10 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD4 | 520 | 29.23 | 0.29 | 1.12 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 52.18 | 1.19 | 15.06 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD5 | 525 | 29.19 | 0.28 | 1.13 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 52.26 | 1.19 | 14.95 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD6 | 530 | 29.12 | 0.28 | 1.14 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 52.50 | 1.19 | 15.06 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD7 | 545 | 29.14 | 0.29 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 52.30 | 1.18 | 14.97 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD8 | 555 | 29.11 | 0.28 | 1.12 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 52.34 | 1.18 | 15.06 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD9 | 570 | 29.25 | 0.28 | 1.12 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 52.25 | 1.18 | 15.03 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
SD10 | 580 | 29.18 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 52.37 | 1.19 | 15.03 | 0.03 | 0.89 | 0.09 |
Max | 29.25 | 0.29 | 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 52.50 | 1.2 | 15.11 | ||||
Min | 29.11 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 52.18 | 1.18 | 14.95 |
Sample | Sc | V | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Ni/Co |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD1 | 25.19 | 151.88 | 82.80 | 5.51 | 45.09 | 43.09 | 65.30 | 69.77 | 328.15 | 56.63 | 314.58 | 29.64 | 1.37 | 9.15 | 557.17 | 91.48 | 168.57 | 19.27 | 63.60 | 8.18 |
SD2 | 25.91 | 153.51 | 83.96 | 5.89 | 51.29 | 77.11 | 64.17 | 69.65 | 344.91 | 57.09 | 328.64 | 32.17 | 1.95 | 9.68 | 547.99 | 93.19 | 172.81 | 19.43 | 67.04 | 8.71 |
SD3 | 23.44 | 150.94 | 73.08 | 5.34 | 39.04 | 39.92 | 65.37 | 67.69 | 336.77 | 53.99 | 317.59 | 28.83 | 1.87 | 9.76 | 550.62 | 91.01 | 170.72 | 19.21 | 64.11 | 7.31 |
SD4 | 25.40 | 156.69 | 76.64 | 5.16 | 39.53 | 29.04 | 59.03 | 68.58 | 335.61 | 56.71 | 325.10 | 29.21 | 1.95 | 9.21 | 560.83 | 93.05 | 173.01 | 19.35 | 63.31 | 7.66 |
SD5 | 25.22 | 156.61 | 78.22 | 5.96 | 43.54 | 39.45 | 57.46 | 70.11 | 325.77 | 58.22 | 315.47 | 29.52 | 1.89 | 9.32 | 527.61 | 92.60 | 170.34 | 19.62 | 66.19 | 7.31 |
SD6 | 25.39 | 155.86 | 81.64 | 5.93 | 48.40 | 44.27 | 62,05 | 68.06 | 340.61 | 55.66 | 316.38 | 30.08 | 1.90 | 9.92 | 513.85 | 91.71 | 164.63 | 18.33 | 64.44 | 8.16 |
SD7 | 25.09 | 156.88 | 86.66 | 5.79 | 45.75 | 37.30 | 58.51 | 73.87 | 343.57 | 59.75 | 341.73 | 31.51 | 2.27 | 9.65 | 560.88 | 93.34 | 173.39 | 19.40 | 64.70 | 7.90 |
SD8 | 25.82 | 153.66 | 80.84 | 6.03 | 44.29 | 36.21 | 67.09 | 68.00 | 342.15 | 57.76 | 319.57 | 30.33 | 1.93 | 9.61 | 550.97 | 93.58 | 168.96 | 19.28 | 63.59 | 7.34 |
SD9 | 23.49 | 155.09 | 85.37 | 5.49 | 43.44 | 37.23 | 59.86 | 68.15 | 339.71 | 58.51 | 328.14 | 30.40 | 1.57 | 9.50 | 554.09 | 92.30 | 175.01 | 19.51 | 63.83 | 7.91 |
SD10 | 23.45 | 156.02 | 85.12 | 4.85 | 39.50 | 33.12 | 61.89 | 73.00 | 333.74 | 56.50 | 316.50 | 30.53 | 1.97 | 9.55 | 533.70 | 88.48 | 174.55 | 19.61 | 61.87 | 8.14 |
Contd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | Pb | Th | U | V/(V + Ni) | V/Cr | (Eu/Eu *) | (Ce *) | U/Th |
SD1 | 12.14 | 2.57 | 10.75 | 1.57 | 9.49 | 2.07 | 4.87 | 0.72 | 5.30 | 0.76 | 8.73 | 2.01 | 30.62 | 29.52 | 6.67 | 0.77 | 3.37 | 0.05 | 14.44 | 0.23 |
SD2 | 12.99 | 2.47 | 10.47 | 1.50 | 9.16 | 1.95 | 5.31 | 0.83 | 5.13 | 0.78 | 7.70 | 2.20 | 35.22 | 30.58 | 6.73 | 0.75 | 2.99 | 0.05 | 14.62 | 0.22 |
SD3 | 12.92 | 2.44 | 10.69 | 1.55 | 9.27 | 1.95 | 5.06 | 0.79 | 4.90 | 0.78 | 8.23 | 2.14 | 35.11 | 29.85 | 6.45 | 0.79 | 3.87 | 0.05 | 14.54 | 0.22 |
SD4 | 13.28 | 2.50 | 10.85 | 1.76 | 9.51 | 2.09 | 5.39 | 0.93 | 6.00 | 0.79 | 8.14 | 2.11 | 33.49 | 31.76 | 6.47 | 0.80 | 3.96 | 0.05 | 14.63 | 0.20 |
SD5 | 12.53 | 2.20 | 11.94 | 1.72 | 9.69 | 1.99 | 5.14 | 0.79 | 5.49 | 0.68 | 8.11 | 2.14 | 32.55 | 30.63 | 6.65 | 0.78 | 3.60 | 0.04 | 14.52 | 0.22 |
SD6 | 12.75 | 2.27 | 11.01 | 1.64 | 9.55 | 1.99 | 5.25 | 0.77 | 4.49 | 0.77 | 8.07 | 2.02 | 33.74 | 29.44 | 6.35 | 0.76 | 3.22 | 0.04 | 14.27 | 0.22 |
SD7 | 14.06 | 2.24 | 10.76 | 1.69 | 9.75 | 2.00 | 4.95 | 0.77 | 5.31 | 0.85 | 7.81 | 2.18 | 31.95 | 31.88 | 6.65 | 0.77 | 3.43 | 0.04 | 14.65 | 0.21 |
SD8 | 12.28 | 2.48 | 11.76 | 1.68 | 10.13 | 1.96 | 5.42 | 0.83 | 5.68 | 0.86 | 8.23 | 2.11 | 32.13 | 30.59 | 6.33 | 0.78 | 3.47 | 0.05 | 14.46 | 0.21 |
SD9 | 13.55 | 2.20 | 10.48 | 1.74 | 9.13 | 1.89 | 5.42 | 0.84 | 5.10 | 0.80 | 8.44 | 2.13 | 32.98 | 29.26 | 6.53 | 0.78 | 3.57 | 0.04 | 14.72 | 0.22 |
SD10 | 13.33 | 2.71 | 10.35 | 1.57 | 8.88 | 1.91 | 5.25 | 0.90 | 5.39 | 0.79 | 8.22 | 1.99 | 29.63 | 29.36 | 6.24 | 0.80 | 3.95 | 0.05 | 14.70 | 0.21 |
Samples | SD1 | SD2 | SD3 | SD4 | SD5 | SD6 | SD7 | SD8 | SD9 | SD10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δ 13C (‰) | −22.4 | −22.08 | −22.04 | −23.1 | −24.0 | −22.5 | −23.02 | −22.01 | −21.15 | −21.06 |
δ 18O (‰) | 9.80 | 9.45 | 9.82 | 9.96 | 9.75 | 9.94 | 9.89 | 9.87 | 9.76 | 9.95 |
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Akintola, G.O.; Amponsah-Dacosta, F.; Rupprecht, S.; Mhlongo, S.E. Stable Isotopic, Micro-FTIR, and Geochemical Characteristics of the Permian Madzaringwe Shale of Tuli Basin, South Africa: Implications for Organic-Rich Shale Provenance. Minerals 2022, 12, 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091160
Akintola GO, Amponsah-Dacosta F, Rupprecht S, Mhlongo SE. Stable Isotopic, Micro-FTIR, and Geochemical Characteristics of the Permian Madzaringwe Shale of Tuli Basin, South Africa: Implications for Organic-Rich Shale Provenance. Minerals. 2022; 12(9):1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091160
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkintola, George Oluwole, Francis Amponsah-Dacosta, Steven Rupprecht, and Sphiwe Emmanuel Mhlongo. 2022. "Stable Isotopic, Micro-FTIR, and Geochemical Characteristics of the Permian Madzaringwe Shale of Tuli Basin, South Africa: Implications for Organic-Rich Shale Provenance" Minerals 12, no. 9: 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091160