Limonite as a Natural Adsorbent for the Removal of Antimony(III) from an Aqueous Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Chemicals
2.2. Adsorption Experiments
2.2.1. Adsorption Kinetics
2.2.2. Adsorption Thermodynamics
2.2.3. Effect of pH on Sb(III) Adsorption
2.2.4. Effects of Ionic Strength and Coexisting Anions on Sb(III) Adsorption
2.3. XPS Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adsorption Kinetics
3.2. Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamics
3.3. Effect of Initial Solution pH
3.4. Effect of Ionic Strength and Coexisting Anions
3.5. XPS Results
3.6. Limonite as a Potential Adsorbent and Oxidant for Sb Removal
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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Sample ID | Fe2O3 | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MnO | pHPZC b | SA c | Mineral Assemblage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 83.79 | 2.39 | 1.42 | − a | 6.9 | 13.7 | goethite, hematite, and quartz |
X2 | 66.26 | 19.01 | 5.47 | 3.56 | 4.0 | 12.8 | goethite, hematite, quartz, illite, and pyrolusite |
Y1 | 80.01 | 1.75 | 1.73 | 0.49 | 7.1 | 124.8 | goethite, hematite, and amorphous silica |
Y2 | 68.08 | 7.02 | 2.33 | 19.24 | 4.1 | 171.7 | goethite, hematite, Mn-goethite, groutite, ramsdellite, pyrolusite, quartz, and residual ivalite |
Sample | Pseudo-First-Order | Pseudo-Second-Order | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | qe (mg/g) | k1 (min−1) | R2 | qe (mg/g) | k2 L/(mg·min) | R2 |
X1 | 1.475 | 0.223 | 0.899 | 1.525 | 0.242 | 0.956 |
X2 | 2.008 | 0.117 | 0.880 | 2.104 | 0.084 | 0.959 |
Y1 | 3.162 | 0.106 | 0.970 | 3.280 | 0.059 | 0.994 |
Y2 | 3.134 | 0.557 | 0.996 | 3.154 | 0.842 | 0.998 |
Sample ID | T | Freundlich Parameters | Langmuir Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KF | n | R2 | KL | Qmax | R2 | ||
X1 | 298.15 | 1.424 | 2.47 | 0.957 | 0.030 | 12.995 | 0.980 |
308.15 | 1.822 | 2.50 | 0.953 | 0.033 | 15.839 | 0.985 | |
318.15 | 2.393 | 2.61 | 0.928 | 0.041 | 18.344 | 0.991 | |
X2 | 298.15 | 2.816 | 3.38 | 0.980 | 0.086 | 12.442 | 0.940 |
308.15 | 2.158 | 2.34 | 0.973 | 0.046 | 18.758 | 0.951 | |
318.15 | 3.432 | 2.35 | 0.955 | 0.058 | 27.727 | 0.960 | |
Y1 | 298.15 | 5.381 | 3.18 | 0.975 | 0.076 | 26.187 | 0.948 |
308.15 | 4.901 | 2.65 | 0.980 | 0.049 | 34.335 | 0.950 | |
318.15 | 7.566 | 2.55 | 0.975 | 0.043 | 58.008 | 0.967 | |
Y2 | 298.15 | 8.609 | 2.11 | 0.988 | 0.024 | 110.970 | 0.978 |
308.15 | 8.362 | 1.95 | 0.984 | 0.020 | 136.451 | 0.974 | |
318.15 | 10.297 | 1.94 | 0.978 | 0.021 | 165.500 | 0.984 |
Sample ID | T (K) | K0 (L/g) | ΔH (kJ/mol) | ΔS (J/(mol·k)) | ΔG (kJ/mol) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 298 | 1.17 | 11.58 | 40.20 | −0.40 |
308 | 1.39 | 11.58 | 40.36 | −0.85 | |
318 | 1.57 | 11.58 | 40.16 | −1.19 | |
X2 | 298 | 4.95 | 21.67 | 80.01 | −3.96 |
308 | 2.66 | 21.67 | 78.51 | −2.51 | |
318 | 8.58 | 21.67 | 86.01 | −5.68 | |
Y1 | 298 | 35.87 | −22.83 | −46.85 | −8.87 |
308 | 29.08 | −22.83 | −46.10 | −8.63 | |
318 | 20.09 | −22.83 | −46.85 | −7.93 | |
Y2 | 298 | 28.79 | 0.79 | 30.57 | −8.32 |
308 | 76.71 | 0.79 | 38.64 | −11.11 | |
318 | 29.37 | 0.79 | 30.60 | −8.94 |
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Luo, H.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, Y.; Xie, Q.; Chen, T. Limonite as a Natural Adsorbent for the Removal of Antimony(III) from an Aqueous Solution. Minerals 2023, 13, 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121494
Luo H, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Xie Q, Chen T. Limonite as a Natural Adsorbent for the Removal of Antimony(III) from an Aqueous Solution. Minerals. 2023; 13(12):1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121494
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Haicui, Yuefei Zhou, Yan Chen, Qiaoqin Xie, and Tianhu Chen. 2023. "Limonite as a Natural Adsorbent for the Removal of Antimony(III) from an Aqueous Solution" Minerals 13, no. 12: 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121494