The Development of Limestone Weathering Rind in a Proglacial Environment of the Hallstätter Glacier
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Location and Dating of Test Sites
2.2.2. Micro-Roughness, Rock Strength, and Spectral Measurements
2.2.3. UAV and GNSS RTK Surveys
2.2.4. Analyses of Rock Samples
Microbiology Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Rock Surface Micro-Roughness and Strength
3.2. Spectral Reflectance
3.3. Petrography and Micro-Structures
3.3.1. General Weathering Rind Characteristics
3.3.2. Micro-Structures at Sites 1 and 2
3.3.3. Micro-Structures at Sites 3–5
3.4. Preliminary Detection of Microorganisms on the Weathering Rind
4. Discussion
4.1. Previous Weathering Studies in Proglacial Environments
4.2. Interpretation of Micro-Structures
4.3. Interpretation of Spectral Reflectance
4.4. The Role of Microorganisms in Micro-Structure Development and Infill
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation m a.s.l |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 47°29′13″ N | 13°37′07″ E | 2272.9 |
2 | 47°29′20″ N | 13°37′18″ E | 2190.0 |
3 | 47°29′32″ N | 13°37′27″ E | 2080.3 |
4 | 47°29′47″ N | 13°37′51″ E | 2083.3 |
5 | 47°30′02″ N | 13°38′28″ E | 1963.8 |
Site | Granular Layer Thickness (µm) | Grains Diameter (µm) | The Thickness of the Fissured Layer (µm) | Width of Fissures (µm) | Crystal Cleavage | The Thickness of the Sponge Structure (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7–100 | 2–12 (up to 20) | 40–100 (rarely down to 1500) | <3 | frequent on spar | absent |
2 | 7–200 | 2–12 | 25–300 (rarely up to 1000) | <25 | frequent on spar | absent |
3 | 10–50 | 2–15 (up to 20) | <400 (rarely up to 1200) | <5 | infrequent | 50–120 |
4 | 10–15 | 2–25 | <150 (only on protruding fragments) | <10 | infrequent | <200 (best developed in concavities; tunnels along veins down to 1000) |
5 | <20 | <10 (rarely up to 50) | Best developed on protruding fragments | <5 | In places emphasized by voids along cleavage planes | <300 (best developed in concavities) |
Site | N | Mean (µm) | Median (µm) | Min (µm) | Max (µm) | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 107 | 23 | 18 | 4 | 89 | 16.1 |
4 | 194 | 18 | 16 | 8 | 60 | 8.7 |
5 | 156 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 46 | 7.9 |
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Dąbski, M.; Badura, I.; Kycko, M.; Grabarczyk, A.; Matlakowska, R.; Otto, J.-C. The Development of Limestone Weathering Rind in a Proglacial Environment of the Hallstätter Glacier. Minerals 2023, 13, 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040530
Dąbski M, Badura I, Kycko M, Grabarczyk A, Matlakowska R, Otto J-C. The Development of Limestone Weathering Rind in a Proglacial Environment of the Hallstätter Glacier. Minerals. 2023; 13(4):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040530
Chicago/Turabian StyleDąbski, Maciej, Ireneusz Badura, Marlena Kycko, Anna Grabarczyk, Renata Matlakowska, and Jan-Christoph Otto. 2023. "The Development of Limestone Weathering Rind in a Proglacial Environment of the Hallstätter Glacier" Minerals 13, no. 4: 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040530