The Effects of Chloride on the High-Temperature Pressure Oxidation of Chalcopyrite: Some Insights from Batch Tests—Part 1: Leach Chemistry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The rate of leaching is initially high (e.g., [66]).
2. Experimental
3. Ore Characterization
4. Background
4.1. Eh-pH and Eh-log[Cl−] Diagrams
4.2. Copper Sulphides’ Extraction and the Effect of Eh
4.3. Surface Passivation of Chalcopyrite
5. Results
5.1. Copper Extraction during Batch Processing
5.1.1. Effects of Chloride Addition, Pulp Density, and Particle Size
5.1.2. Effects of Acid Addition and Chloride
5.1.3. Effect of Temperature with Chloride Addition
5.1.4. Effect of Oxygen Pressure
5.2. Sulphuric Acid Addition and Formation
5.2.1. Effects of Pulp Density, Chloride Addition, and Temperature
5.2.2. Effect of Initial Acid Addition
5.3. Behaviour of Dissolved Iron
- The iron concentrations during early leaching were somewhat higher when a lower oxygen partial pressure was employed, reflecting slower rates of sulphuric acid generation and Fe(II) oxidation.
- As the dissolution of added gibbsite was net acid-consuming, the final free acidity was lower, and this corresponds to a lower final iron concentration.
- The variation in final iron concentrations for the various datasets suggests that the equilibrium between the solids and liquor compositions was not reached after 90 min.
5.4. Behaviour of Other Elements
5.5. Additives Other Than Chloride Salts
5.5.1. Effect of Sodium Sulphate Addition
5.5.2. Effects of Aluminium Addition
5.6. Reaction Kinetics
6. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pulp Density (% w/w) | Acid (g/L) | Chloride (g/L) | Additive(s) | T( °C) | P(O2) (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | Nil | Nil | None | 220 | 700 |
10 * | Nil | Nil | None | 220 | 700 |
10 | Nil | 15 | NaCl | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | Nil | None | 220 | 700 |
20 | 30 | Nil | None | 220 | 700 |
20 | 100 | Nil | None | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 3 | NaCl | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl, hematite seed | 220 | 700 |
20 | 30 | 15 | NaCl | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl | 230 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl | 245 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl | 220 | 100 |
20 | Nil | 15 | CuCl2.2H2O | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O # | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 15 | NaCl, Gibbsite # | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | 100 | NaCl | 220 | 700 |
20 | 100 | 100 | NaCl | 220 | 700 |
20 | Nil | Nil | Na2SO4 ** | 220 | 700 |
Elemental Content (% w/w) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Fe | Al | Mg | Ca | Si | Na | S |
24.5 | 26.9 | 0.240 | 1.14 | 0.015 | 4.35 | 0.008 | 31.4 |
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McDonald, R.G. The Effects of Chloride on the High-Temperature Pressure Oxidation of Chalcopyrite: Some Insights from Batch Tests—Part 1: Leach Chemistry. Minerals 2023, 13, 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081065
McDonald RG. The Effects of Chloride on the High-Temperature Pressure Oxidation of Chalcopyrite: Some Insights from Batch Tests—Part 1: Leach Chemistry. Minerals. 2023; 13(8):1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081065
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcDonald, Robbie G. 2023. "The Effects of Chloride on the High-Temperature Pressure Oxidation of Chalcopyrite: Some Insights from Batch Tests—Part 1: Leach Chemistry" Minerals 13, no. 8: 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081065