Two-Stage Superimposed Gold Mineralization in the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit, Shandong Province: Insights from Fluid Inclusions, H-O-S Isotopes, and Trace Elements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Geology of the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit
4. Sampling and Analytical Methods
5. Results
5.1. Fluid Inclusions
5.1.1. Petrography
5.1.2. Microthermometry
5.2. H-O Isotopes
5.3. In Situ Sulfur Isotope
Name | Sample | Stage | Mineral | δ34SV-CDT (‰) | Data Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xiejiagou gold deposit | XJG34-2-1-Py | I | Py1 | 5.8 | This paper |
XJG34-2-2-Py | I | Py1 | 5.8 | ||
XJG34-2-2-Py-2 | I | Py1 | 5.9 | ||
XJG34-2-3-Py | I | Py1 | 6.3 | ||
XJG34-2-3-Py-2 | I | Py1 | 6.7 | ||
XJG34-2-4-Py | I | Py1 | 6.0 | ||
XJG34-2-4-Py-2 | I | Py1 | 6.0 | ||
XJG50-1-Py | I | Py1 | 6.4 | ||
XJG50-1-Py-2 | I | Py1 | 6.8 | ||
XJG50-2-Py | I | Py1 | 7.2 | ||
XJG50-2-Py-2 | I | Py2 | 7.0 | ||
XJG42-1-Py | II | Py2 | 6.7 | ||
XJG42-1-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 6.6 | ||
XJG42-1-Py-3 | II | Py2 | 7.3 | ||
XJG42-2-Py | II | Py2 | 7.0 | ||
XJG42-2-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 7.1 | ||
XJG42-3-Py | II | Py2 | 7.0 | ||
XJG42-3-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 7.1 | ||
XJG21-1-Py | II | Py2 | 7.3 | ||
XJG21-1-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 6.7 | ||
XJG14-2-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 8.7 | ||
XJG14-1-Py | II | Py2 | 9.0 | ||
XJG48-1-Py | II | Py2 | 7.9 | ||
XJG48-1-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 7.9 | ||
XJG48-2-Py | II | Py2 | 7.9 | ||
XJG48-2-Py-2 | II | Py2 | 7.3 | ||
XJG48-2-Py-3 | II | Py2 | 6.7 | ||
XJG05-1-Py | III | Py3 | 6.7 | ||
XJG05-1-Py-2 | III | Py3 | 7.2 | ||
XJG05-1-Py-3 | III | Py3 | 6.6 | ||
XJG06-Py | III | Py3 | 6.4 | ||
XJG06-Py-2 | III | Py3 | 6.9 | ||
XJG06-Py-3 | III | Py3 | 6.9 | ||
XJG06-2-Py | III | Py3 | 7.0 | ||
XJG06-2-Py-2 | III | Py3 | 6.7 | ||
XJG06-2-Py-3 | III | Py3 | 6.5 | ||
XJG52-1-Py | III | Py3 | 6.7 | ||
XJG52-1-Py-2 | III | Py3 | 6.5 | ||
XJG52-1-Py-3 | III | Py3 | 6.8 | ||
XJG52-2-Py | III | Py3 | 6.2 | ||
XJG52-2-Py-2 | III | Py3 | 6.4 | ||
XJG52-2-Py-3 | III | Py3 | 5.7 | ||
Sanshandao deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 9.4−13.0 | [3] | |
Jiaojia gold deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 8.7−11.2 | [3] | |
Xincheng gold deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 5.7−10.6 | [46] | |
Dongfeng gold deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 5.7−10.6 | [47] | |
Jiuqu gold deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 7.5−7.8 | [3] | |
Auriferous quartz-vein type | Py | 7.3−8.2 | |||
Taishang gold deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 4.5−8.6 | [3,9] | |
Auriferous quartz-vein type | Py | 5.9−9.0 | |||
Wangershan gold deposit | Altered-rock type | Py | 6.3−8.7 | [9] | |
Auriferous quartz-vein type | Py | 6.6−8.6 | |||
Luoshan/ Fushan gold deposits | Altered-rock type | Py | 4.3−7.5 | ||
Auriferous quartz-vein type | Py | 4.7−7.2 |
5.4. In Situ Trace Elements
6. Discussion
6.1. Origin and Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids
6.2. Transition of Metallogenic Environment from Early to Late Stages
6.3. Comparison of Gold Occurrence State and Deposition for the Two Distinct Mineralization Types
6.4. Implications for a Two-Stage Superimposed Gold Mineralization
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Type | FIA (N) | Tm,cla (°C) | Th,CO2 (°C) | Tm,ice (°C) | Th,tot (°C) | Tm,s (°C) | Salinity (wt% NaCleqv) | Density (g/cm3) | Pressure (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qz1 | iia | FIA1 (3) | −4.6–−3.3 | 311−325 | 6.4–9.2 | 0.76–0.77 | – | |||
iib | FIA2 (3) | −4.5–−3.9 | 339–351 | 7.6–9.0 | 0.71–0.75 | – | ||||
i | FIA3 (3) | 5.0–5.8 | 29.0–30.0 | 353–368 | 7.8–9.1 | 0.87–0.88 | 320–335 | |||
i | FIA4 (5) | 5.3–7.2 | 29.9–30.9 | 327–338 | 5.4–8.6 | 0.87–0.90 | 307–348 | |||
i | FIA5 (5) | 5.0–6.3 | 30.4–30.9 | 306–319 | 7.0–9.1 | 0.86–0.90 | 294–312 | |||
i | FIA6 (4) | 5.8–6.1 | 29.1–30.5 | 299–313 | 7.3–7.8 | 0.89–0.90 | 303–317 | |||
i | FIA7 (6) | 5.7–6.5 | 30.1–30.9 | 273–285 | 6.6–8.0 | 0.81–0.83 | 303–337 | |||
i | FIA8 (5) | 5.5–5.9 | 30.3–30.9 | 293–308 | 7.6–8.3 | 0.89–0.91 | 288–314 | |||
iia | FIA9 (5) | −3.9–−3.7 | 305–320 | 7.2–7.6 | 0.76–0.79 | – | ||||
i | FIA10 (3) | 5.7–5.9 | 30.5–30.7 | 323–337 | 7.6–8.0 | 0.85–0.88 | 291–319 | |||
iib | FIA11 (3) | -5.1–−4.5 | 323–335 | 9.0–10.3 | 0.77–0.78 | – | ||||
i | FIA12 (6) | 4.7–5.7 | 30.4–30.9 | 319–331 | 8.0–9.5 | 0.85–0.90 | 284–331 | |||
iia | FIA13 (3) | −5.3–−4.8 | 338–341 | 9.6–10.8 | 0.75–0.77 | – | ||||
i | FIA14 (3) | 5.5–6.9 | 30.1–30.9 | 347–359 | 5.9–8.3 | 0.85–0.86 | 308–320 | |||
i | FIA15(3) | 5.7–6.9 | 30.8–30.9 | 280–293 | 5.9–8.0 | 0.89–0.91 | 291–301 | |||
Qz2 | iia | FIA16(4) | −4.3–−3.9 | 300–303 | 7.6–8.5 | 0.79–0.80 | – | |||
iia | FIA17 (3) | −3.5–−3.3 | 335–348 | 6.4−6.8 | 0.70–0.72 | – | ||||
iia | FIA18(4) | −3.3–−3.2 | 285–294 | 6.2–6.4 | 0.79–0.80 | – | ||||
i | FIA19(3) | 6.8–7.1 | 29.4–29.7 | 285–297 | 5.6–6.1 | 0.91–0.93 | 304–317 | |||
iia | FIA20(4) | −3.8–−3.4 | 262–272 | 6.6–7.4 | 0.83–0.85 | – | ||||
i | FIA21(3) | 5.8–7.0 | 28.9–30.8 | 304–309 | 5.8–7.8 | 0.89–0.92 | 309–317 | |||
i | FIA22 (3) | 6.7–7.1 | 30.5–30.6 | 273–285 | 5.6–6.3 | 0.91–0.92 | 296–309 | |||
i | FIA23 (3) | 4.8–5.3 | 30.6–30.8 | 309–323 | 8.6–9.4 | 0.85–0.88 | 276–290 | |||
i | FIA24 (3) | 5.6–7.8 | 30.6–30.8 | 278–289 | 4.3–8.1 | 0.88–0.90 | 280–286 | |||
i | FIA25 (4) | 6.0–7.2 | 30.4−30.7 | 291–303 | 5.4–7.5 | 0.89–0.91 | 299–315 | |||
i | FIA26 (4) | 5.9–7.0 | 30.8–30.9 | 298–307 | 5.8–7.6 | 0.88–0.89 | 298–305 | |||
i | FIA27 (4) | 5.8–7.8 | 30.2–30.9 | 313–327 | 4.3–7.8 | 0.86–0.88 | 296–311 | |||
iia | FIA28 (5) | −3.5–−3.0 | 312–327 | 5.8–6.8 | 0.73–0.76 | – | ||||
Qz3 | i | FIA29 (3) | 5.9–6.5 | 30.8–30.9 | 311–323 | 6.6–7.6 | 0.84–0.87 | 272–287 | ||
i | FIA30 (4) | 5.8–6.6 | 30.5–30.8 | 318–325 | 6.5–7.8 | 0.81–0.85 | 238–275 | |||
i | FIA31 (3) | 4.8–5.9 | 30.6–30.9 | 343–351 | 7.6–9.4 | 0.78–0.81 | 234–253 | |||
iia | FIA32 (5) | −5.1–−4.6 | 319–333 | 9.2–10.3 | 0.76–0.79 | − | ||||
i | FIA33 (3) | 4.9–5.3 | 30.6–30.7 | 351–363 | 8.6–9.2 | 0.79–0.81 | 237–266 | |||
iib | FIA34 (3) | −4.5–−4.2 | 342–352 | 8.3–9.0 | 0.72–0.74 | – | ||||
iia | FIA35 (3) | −4.7–−4.5 | 331–345 | 9.0–9.4 | 0.74–0.77 | – | ||||
i | FIA36 (4) | 4.0–6.3 | 30.7–30.8 | 291–304 | 5.9–8.3 | 0.86–0.88 | 270–279 | |||
iib | FIA37 (4) | −4.7–−4.2 | 364–376 | 8.3–9.4 | 0.68–0.71 | – | ||||
i | FIA38 (4) | 5.1–6.1 | 30.7–30.9 | 353–367 | 7.3–8.9 | 0.79–0.82 | 263–280 | |||
iia | FIA39 (4) | −5.2–−4.7 | 330–338 | 9.4–10.5 | 0.77–0.78 | – | ||||
i | FIA40 (3) | 4.0–4.7 | 30.7–30.8 | 348–359 | 9.5–10.6 | 0.80–0.84 | 257–280 | |||
iia | FIA41 (3) | −3.2–−3.0 | 362–369 | 5.8–6.2 | 0.65–0.66 | – | ||||
iia | FIA42 (3) | −5.2–−5.0 | 332–340 | 10.1–10.5 | 0.76–0.78 | – | ||||
i | FIA43 (4) | 5.8–6.8 | 30.1–30.8 | 327–342 | 6.1–7.8 | 0.81–0.87 | 258–294 | |||
i | FIA44 (3) | 5.6–6.1 | 30.6–30.9 | 331–344 | 7.3–8.1 | 0.74–0.81 | 241–249 | |||
i | FIA45 (3) | 5.1–7.0 | 30.5–30.7 | 306–318 | 5.8–8.9 | 0.87–0.91 | – | |||
i | FIA46 (4) | 6.8–7.4 | 30.6–30.9 | 290–303 | 5.1–6.1 | 0.83–0.89 | 253–288 | |||
i | FIA47 (3) | 5.8–6.4 | 30.5–30.7 | 325–329 | 6.8–7.8 | 0.85–0.86 | 278–285 | |||
i | FIA48 (4) | 5.6–5.7 | 30.4–30.7 | 314–328 | 8.0–8.1 | 0.86–0.88 | 281–301 | |||
i | FIA49 (3) | 5.5–7.4 | 30.5–30.6 | 329–339 | 5.1–8.3 | 0.73–0.85 | 288–291 | |||
iia | FIA50 (3) | −4.3–−4.2 | 342–356 | 8.3–8.5 | 0.71–0.74 | – | ||||
iii | (5) | 296–371 | 209–345 | 32.4–41.9 | 1.07–1.11 | – |
Sample | Stage | Mineral | δD (‰) | δ18OV-SMOW (‰) | δ18OH2O (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
XJG04-4 | I | K-feldspar | −100 | 5.7 | 2.7 |
XJG35-1 | I | K-feldspar | −98 | 6.1 | 3.1 |
XJG19 | I | Qz1 | −106 | 10.2 | 3.8 |
XJG33-2 | I | Qz1 | −92 | 9.9 | 3.5 |
XJG22 | I | Qz1 | −85 | 10.8 | 4.4 |
XJG12 | I | Qz1 | −96 | 9.7 | 3.3 |
XJG28 | II | Qz2 | −89 | 9.4 | 2.5 |
XJG07 | II | Qz2 | −95 | 7.7 | 0.8 |
XJG42 | II | Qz2 | −85 | 10.4 | 3.5 |
XJG23 | III | Qz3 | −92 | 11.3 | 5.7 |
XJG37 | III | Qz3 | −98 | 10.3 | 4.6 |
XJG03 | III | Qz3 | −93 | 10.4 | 4.7 |
XJG04-3 | III | Qz3 | −89 | 10.5 | 4.8 |
XJG06 | III | Qz3 | −96 | 9.6 | 3.9 |
XJG08 | III | Qz3 | −98 | 9.3 | 3.6 |
XJG10 | III | Qz3 | −92 | 10.9 | 5.2 |
XJG11 | III | Qz3 | −93 | 9.9 | 4.2 |
Sample | Stage | Mineral | Au | Ag | As | Sb | Co | Ni | Cu | Pb | Zn | Bi | W | Sn | Mo | Co/Ni | Sb/Bi | As/Ag |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
values/the detection limit | ppm/The lower limit of detection values 0.001 ppm | |||||||||||||||||
XJG14-01 | I | Py1 | DBL | 0.227 | 130 | 0.362 | 4.33 | 4.10 | 18.0 | 48.6 | 20.4 | 4.61 | 0.011 | 0.299 | 0.022 | 1.06 | 0.079 | 572 |
XJG14-02 | I | Py1 | 0.011 | 0.081 | 0.153 | 0.021 | 4.57 | 4.81 | 0.857 | 3.58 | 1.53 | 0.247 | 0.014 | 0.118 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.085 | 1.89 |
XJG14-03 | I | Py1 | 0.039 | 0.727 | 255 | 0.864 | 1.89 | 2.09 | 60.0 | 94.1 | 2.23 | 7.06 | 0.012 | 0.232 | 0.014 | 0.90 | 0.122 | 350 |
XJG14-04 | I | Py1 | 0.061 | 0.794 | 305 | 1.71 | 5.14 | 3.74 | 38.3 | 136 | 8.70 | 11.2 | 0.010 | 0.216 | 0.012 | 1.37 | 0.153 | 384 |
XJG30-01 | I | Py1 | 0.052 | 1.12 | 38.3 | 0.454 | 8.94 | 5.18 | 149 | 35.9 | 3.06 | 0.215 | BDL | 0.055 | 0.006 | 1.73 | 2.112 | 34.2 |
XJG27-1-01 | I | Py1 | DBL | 0.019 | 68.9 | 9.82 | BDL | BDL | 0.255 | 360 | 10.5 | 0.005 | 0.097 | 0.115 | 2.01 | − | 1964 | 3626 |
XJG27-1-02 | I | Py1 | DBL | BDL | 55.9 | 9.04 | BDL | 95.7 | 0.116 | 319 | 2.47 | 0.004 | 0.112 | 0.035 | 1.41 | − | − | − |
XJG21-01 | II | Py2 | 0.063 | 8.45 | 11.3 | 0.178 | 104 | 12.4 | 46.2 | 1619 | 8.20 | 16.1 | BDL | 0.095 | BDL | 8.39 | 0.011 | 1.34 |
XJG21-02 | II | Py2 | 0.001 | 0.228 | 12.5 | 0.069 | 64.7 | 20.8 | 2.14 | 6.14 | 0.973 | 0.743 | BDL | 0.126 | BDL | 3.11 | 0.093 | 54.8 |
XJG42-01 | II | Py2 | 0.576 | 4.21 | 29.3 | 0.031 | 89.5 | 12.3 | 2.07 | 166 | 0.835 | 4.19 | 0.004 | 0.032 | BDL | 7.28 | 0.007 | 6.96 |
XJG42-02 | II | Py2 | 0.729 | 5.34 | 10.8 | 0.005 | 162 | 118 | 2.03 | 55.6 | 1.06 | 2.72 | BDL | 0.146 | 0.00 | 1.37 | 0.002 | 2.02 |
XJG42-03 | II | Py2 | 0.045 | 0.161 | 27.6 | 0.026 | 22.4 | 22.7 | 1.31 | 7.27 | 0.571 | 0.295 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.99 | 0.088 | 171 |
XJG42-04 | II | Py2 | 0.032 | 6.83 | 22.5 | 0.059 | 4.47 | 40.7 | 0.248 | 1227 | 1.15 | 15.1 | BDL | 0.065 | BDL | 0.11 | 0.004 | 3.29 |
XJG50-01 | III | Py3 | 0.122 | 0.334 | 6.77 | 0.027 | 378 | 365 | 1.17 | 3.71 | 1.21 | 2.42 | 0.005 | 0.059 | 36.3 | 1.04 | 0.011 | 20.3 |
XJG50-02 | III | Py3 | 0.093 | 0.088 | 1.81 | 0.003 | 624 | 79.8 | 0.760 | 0.77 | 1.18 | 3.30 | 2.62 | 0.202 | 5.49 | 7.82 | 0.001 | 20.6 |
XJG50-03 | III | Py3 | 0.256 | 0.311 | 9.54 | 0.015 | 1344 | 116 | 0.520 | 1.57 | 0.886 | 5.06 | 0.016 | 0.182 | 22.3 | 11.59 | 0.003 | 30.7 |
XJG50-04 | III | Py3 | 0.163 | 0.553 | 10.3 | 0.004 | 533 | 156 | 0.465 | 2.06 | 0.818 | 2.95 | 0.018 | 0.192 | 2.32 | 3.42 | 0.001 | 18.6 |
XJG05-1-01 | III | Py3 | 0.091 | 0.065 | 14.6 | DBL | 1907 | 52.3 | 0.218 | 0.14 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 0.002 | 0.072 | BDL | 36.46 | − | − |
XJG05-1-02 | III | Py3 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 3.90 | 0.010 | 44.9 | 10.4 | BDL | 0.009 | 0.905 | 0.019 | BDL | 0.073 | 0.005 | 4.32 | 0.526 | 433 |
XJG05-1-03 | III | Py3 | DBL | BDL | 7.39 | 0.002 | 381 | 97.4 | 0.001 | BDL | 1.08 | 0.016 | BDL | 0.079 | BDL | 3.91 | − | − |
XJG06-01 | III | Py3 | 0.083 | 0.071 | 4.38 | 0.001 | 439 | 38.1 | 0.259 | 0.055 | 0.971 | 1.09 | 0.003 | 0.130 | BDL | 11.52 | 0.001 | 61.7 |
XJG06-02 | III | Py3 | 0.363 | 0.289 | 15.0 | DBL | 1739 | 350 | 0.789 | 0.448 | 1.33 | 6.63 | 0.002 | 0.101 | 0.004 | 4.97 | − | − |
XJG06-03 | III | Py3 | 0.083 | 3.46 | 10.8 | 0.036 | 768 | 262 | 0.417 | 3.51 | 1.05 | 1.08 | BDL | 0.069 | 0.005 | 2.93 | 0.033 | 3.12 |
XJG06-04 | III | Py3 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 5.22 | DBL | 676 | 231 | 0.114 | 0.037 | 1.17 | 0.200 | 0.004 | 0.076 | 0.009 | 2.93 | − | − |
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Du, Z.-Z.; Cheng, Z.-Z.; Yao, X.-F.; Bao, X.-L. Two-Stage Superimposed Gold Mineralization in the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit, Shandong Province: Insights from Fluid Inclusions, H-O-S Isotopes, and Trace Elements. Minerals 2023, 13, 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091210
Du Z-Z, Cheng Z-Z, Yao X-F, Bao X-L. Two-Stage Superimposed Gold Mineralization in the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit, Shandong Province: Insights from Fluid Inclusions, H-O-S Isotopes, and Trace Elements. Minerals. 2023; 13(9):1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091210
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Ze-Zhong, Zhi-Zhong Cheng, Xiao-Feng Yao, and Xing-Long Bao. 2023. "Two-Stage Superimposed Gold Mineralization in the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit, Shandong Province: Insights from Fluid Inclusions, H-O-S Isotopes, and Trace Elements" Minerals 13, no. 9: 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091210